bug(mat-progress-spinner): stroke-width of svg circle not calculated properly for some diameter + strokeWidth values

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

The `circle` element of the `mat-progress-spinner`'s SVG does not fill up to the whole space of it's container. This only occurs for some combinations of `strokeWidth` and `diameter` inputs and only if the `stokeWidth` is smaller than 10.

E.g. for the values of `diameter=10` and `strokeWidth=5` the circle's `stroke-width` style is calculated to be `20.8333%` which is not filling up to the edge of the SVG container:

If the value of the circle's `stroke-width` is manually set to ~26%, it fits:

### Reproduction

[StackBlitz link](https://stackblitz.com/edit/cxwm1t?file=src%2Fexample%2Fprogress-spinner-configurable-example.html,src%2Fexample%2Fprogress-spinner-configurable-example.html)

Steps to reproduce:
1. Use mat-progress-spinner
2. Set strokeWidth to value < 10
3. Set diameter to e.g. 24

### Expected Behavior

The SVG's `circle` element should fill up the whole space of its container element

### Actual Behavior

The SVG's `circle` element does not fill up the whole space of its container element and leaves some space in between

### Environment

- Angular: 17.0.7
- CDK/Material: 17.0.4
- Browser(s): Chrome
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Ubuntu

Start with the mat-progress-spinner implementation and reproduce the issue using the linked StackBlitz, varying diameter and strokeWidth below 10. Compare the SVG circle's calculated stroke-width with the container bounds for the reported values, then verify that the circle fills its container without leaving a gap.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.