bug(mat-form-field): Label for outline mat-form-field is overlapping matPrefix icon in a mat-sidenav

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

I noticed that the `transform` property on the `` for a `mat-form-field` with `appearance="outline"` isn't correctly picking up the width of the icon, if the form field has a `matPrefix`. This is specific to when the form field is within a `mat-sidenav` (perhaps other components that aren't visible on component init, but I haven't tried).

See attached images of the DOM elements and place in the code where this is calculated, plus attached blitz which shows the correct behavior for a `mat-form-field` with `appearance="fill"`



### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/i6aa9z
Steps to reproduce:
1. Add a `mat-form-field` with a `matPrefix` and `appearance="outline"` to a `mat-sidenav`
2. Toggle the `mat-sidenav` open

### Expected Behavior

Label should be shifted to the left so that it does not overlap the icon

### Actual Behavior

Label is overlapping the prefix icon

### Environment

- Angular: 17.0.0
- CDK/Material: 17.0.4
- Browser(s): Chrome
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS, Windows

Beginne mit der verlinkten StackBlitz-Reproduktion und untersuche die Berechnung der outline-Label-Transformation von mat-form-field, wenn sich das Feld anfänglich innerhalb einer geschlossenen mat-sidenav befindet. Vergleiche die outline- und fill-Darstellungen und überprüfe anschließend, dass das Öffnen der sidenav das Label vom matPrefix-Symbol weg verschiebt.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.