bug(mat-label): trailing white-space between text and asterisk

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

14

### Description

It's all in the title.

Might be related to https://github.com/angular/components/issues/27722.

### Reproduction

https://stackblitz.com/edit/vcau9e

### Expected Behavior

White-space should be trimmed (e. g. by making mat-label `display: inline-block`).

### Actual Behavior

I see UI being dependent on html formatting.

### Environment

```
Angular CLI: 16.2.9
Node: 18.12.0
Package Manager: yarn 1.22.19
OS: win32 x64

Angular: 16.2.12
... animations, common, compiler, compiler-cli, core, forms
... language-service, platform-browser, platform-browser-dynamic
... platform-server, router, service-worker

Package Version
------------------------------------------------------------
@angular-devkit/architect 0.1602.9
@angular-devkit/build-angular 16.2.9
@angular-devkit/core 16.2.9
@angular-devkit/schematics 16.2.9
@angular/cdk 16.2.11
@angular/cli 16.2.9
@angular/fire 7.6.1
@angular/material 16.2.11
@angular/material-moment-adapter 16.2.11
@schematics/angular 16.2.9
rxjs 7.8.1
typescript 5.1.6
webpack 5.89.0
zone.js 0.13.3
```

Also reproducible in version 15.

Start with the linked StackBlitz reproduction and compare the reported mat-label rendering in Angular Material versions 14–16. Trace the mat-label component and its styling to determine why HTML formatting affects the gap before the asterisk. Done means equivalent label markup renders without trailing whitespace and a regression test covers the behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.