bug(mat-checkbox): Wrong appearance when inside a disabled fieldset

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

The material checkbox is not styled correctly when inside a disabled [fieldset](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/fieldset).

The appearance should be the same as when outside a fieldset:

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link:
Steps to reproduce:
1. https://stackblitz.com/edit/components-issue-penyki

### Expected Behavior

1. When checked, a grey background within the tick box
2. The font color is light gray
3. Not clickable (disabled)

### Actual Behavior

1. When checked, no background within the tick box
2. The font color is black
3. Clickable. Possible to change checked state.

### Environment

- Angular: 16.0.0
- CDK/Material: 16.0.3
- Browser(s): Chrome, Firefox, Edge
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows

Start with the linked StackBlitz reproduction and compare the checkbox behavior inside and outside a disabled fieldset in Chrome, Firefox, and Edge. Done means the checked box has a grey background, the text is light gray, and the checkbox cannot change state when its fieldset is disabled.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.