Navigation drawer - Mini variant behavior

#### Feature request:
Add the "Mini variant" behavior of the Navigation drawer.
As defined in the Google Material guidelines:
https://material.google.com/patterns/navigation-drawer.html#navigation-drawer-behavior


#### What is the expected behavior?
When toggled, the navigation drawer change its width.
It's not fully hidden.

#### What is the current behavior?
Only two states are available: displayed, hidden

#### What are the steps to reproduce?
Create a sidenav and toggle it on and off.
The sidenav can only be opened or closed.
No intermediate state.

#### What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?
Desktop users need to quickly change the current view.
The sliding effect of the sidenav could be annoying when used a lot.
It's common for desktop apps to keep the navigation opened by default.
But in some cases the icons are self explanatory so no need to display the associated labels.

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, browsers are affected?
Angular2

#### Is there anything else we should know?
A similar feature request was submitted for Angular 1:
https://github.com/angular/material/issues/3158

首先检查现有的 Angular Material sidenav 实现及其当前的打开/关闭切换路径。将该行为与链接的 Google Material mini-variant 指南进行比较；完成的标准是 drawer 支持一种独立的缩减宽度状态，同时保留现有的显示和隐藏状态。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。