cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport does not handle css position: sticky cleanly

#### What is the expected behavior?
using the css attribute `position: sticky` should allow for elements to remain displayed according to their sticky parameters.

#### What is the current behavior?
This works for a while but then breaks after a point. Im assuming its a matter of the 'stickied' dom elements getting recycled.

#### What are the steps to reproduce?
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-wnar6b-wzjdmh

This is a slightly modified version of an example from the docs. As you scroll the cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport you will notice the light blue headers stick to the the top of their area as expected. Once you exceed a certain amount of scrolling however the headers disappear. For me items 0-2 work but the 3rd one breaks.

Down below is an example using the [non-virtual] scrolling. Here the css attribute works as expected.

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, TypeScript, browsers are affected?
Forked from https://stackblitz.com/angular/apvvljrovad from the docs. no versions changed.

#### Is there anything else we should know?
https://github.com/angular/material2/issues/11621 also gets at my base requirement; wanting some elements of the virtual scroll list to 'stick around'. It would be ideal if standard css properties worked as via this ticket but that might be hard as the whole point of virtual-scroll is to remove things from the dom that 'shouldn't' be rendered. The position: sticky css attribute would seem to break those assumptions.

使用 cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport 在链接的 StackBlitz 中复现该行为，然后将其与 Angular 文档中的非虚拟滚动示例进行比较。验证滚动超过最初的 sticky 标头后它们会消失。完成的标准是，使用 position: sticky 的元素在整个虚拟滚动过程中都按照其 sticky 参数保持显示。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。