[Dialog] Add a directive to simplify dialog interaction

#### Please describe the feature you would like to request.
A directive that accepts a TemplateRef and a dialog configuration object
When the button this directive is placed on is clicked a dialog containing that Template is created

#### What is the use-case or motivation for this proposal?
Allows users to interact with dialogs like other components - through their markup bindings. No need to use poorly understood _entry components_. Dialog templates are part of the component template; input and output bindings are fully accessible (as are pipes.)

The existing programmatic only approach feels like there is a lot of ceremony over creating dialogs - many of which would otherwise be simple components.

#### Is there anything else we should know?
I've stubbed out what the implementation might look like here. I've used a version of this in production for over a year now. I've also included 2 examples of usage.
https://github.com/adammedford/material2/blob/open-dialog-directive/src/lib/dialog/dialog-open-directive.ts

I will submit a PR if there is interest in this; this version is to just convey what I'm talking about. I didn't want to go through the effort of a full implementation and docs if nobody cares to use it.

Beginne damit, die vorgeschlagene Implementierung in src/lib/dialog/dialog-open-directive.ts zu lesen und die beiden verlinkten Verwendungsbeispiele zu prüfen. Vergleiche diesen Ansatz mit den bestehenden Dialog-APIs und ermittle den erforderlichen Umfang für Directive, Konfiguration, Template, Binding und Dokumentation. Als erledigt gilt die Vereinbarung über eine Implementierung und dokumentierte Beispiele, aber das Issue identifiziert weder Tests noch ein festgelegtes Design.

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