Issues with loading images and websites themselves after updating to 7.22.7 version

### Please answer the following questions for yourself before submitting an issue

- [x] Filters were updated before reproducing an issue
- [x] I checked the [knowledge base](https://adguard.com/kb/) and found no answer
- [x] I checked to make sure that this issue has not already been filed

### AdGuard version

7.22.7

### Browser version

Chrome 147

### OS version

Windows 11 25H2

### Traffic filtering

- [x] yes, I do

### Ad Blocking

AdGuard Base filter

### Privacy

AdGuard Tracking Protection filter

### Social

AdGuard Social Media filter

### Annoyances

AdGuard Popups filter

### Security

_No response_

### Other

_No response_

### Language-specific

AdGuard French filter

### Which DNS server do you use?

Cloudflare DNS

### DNS protocol

None

### Custom DNS

_No response_

### What Stealth Mode options do you have enabled?

_No response_

### Support ticket ID

#1400780

### Issue Details

Steps to reproduce:
1. Update Adguard to this version
2.I tried to visit image-based websites like Aliexpress and Leboncoin, but the images didn't load. Sometimes the page...

Things tried: Disabling DNS, disabling HTTPS filtering, changing browsers, etc.

Fix: Installing the latest beta version and restarting the PC

### Expected Behavior

_No response_

### Actual Behavior

Blank page, missing images, or slow page loading

### Additional Information

_No response_