Optimize `has_procedure` with non-determinism

We should be able to optimize the existing implementation of the `has_procedure` in the `miden::account` (or `miden::active_account` if #1985 is already addressed).

It should work like so:
- Call an event which returns the index of the procedure, if it is found, or some marker value (e.g., -1) if it is not.
- If the marker value is returned, we run the existing algorithm in the `has_procedure`.
- If the index is returned, we just need to make sure that the procedure at the specified index has the provided root.

_Originally posted by @bobbinth in https://github.com/0xMiden/miden-base/pull/2017#discussion_r2462698883_