Relative <img> 404s when using next/link and trailingSlash in Safari

Link to the code that reproduces this issue

https://github.com/blakewilson/relative-img-path-bug

To Reproduce

1. Start the application in dev mode
2. Go to http://localhost:3000
3. Click the first link and confirm that the image exists on the /hello-world route
4. Go back to http://localhost:3000
5. Click the second link (using next/link) and notice the image 404s on the /hello-world route. Refresh the page, and notice the image appears.

Current vs. Expected behavior

Following the steps above, I expect to see the correct image when rendering the hello world route via next/link. Instead, the image 404s.

Provide environment information

Operating System:
  Platform: darwin
  Arch: x64
  Version: Darwin Kernel Version 23.2.0: Wed Nov 15 21:54:51 PST 2023; root:xnu-10002.61.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T6030
  Available memory (MB): 18432
  Available CPU cores: 11
Binaries:
  Node: 18.17.0
  npm: 10.2.5
  Yarn: N/A
  pnpm: 8.15.1
Relevant Packages:
  next: 14.3.0-canary.21 // Latest available version is detected (14.3.0-canary.21).
  eslint-config-next: N/A
  react: 18.2.0
  react-dom: 18.2.0
  typescript: 5.1.3
Next.js Config:
  output: N/A

Which area(s) are affected? (Select all that apply)

Not sure

Which stage(s) are affected? (Select all that apply)

next dev (local), next build (local), next start (local), Vercel (Deployed), Other (Deployed)

Additional context

No response

_NEXT-3245

Start with the linked reproduction repository and follow the listed steps in Safari, comparing the normal link with next/link while trailingSlash is enabled. Trace the navigation and image request for /hello-world, then verify that the image loads without a refresh; the issue also references Linear ticket NEXT-3245 for existing context.