Support Arbitrary-precision Numbers and Arithmetic

Description

It would be nice if typst would support arbitrary-precision arithmetic so you could do data analysis like in python and don't have to care about the implementation detail in using 64 bit integer of typst.
I understand that native data types like 64 bit integers might be more elegant in the implementation and are more efficient, but this should be nothing a user of typst should need to worry about. If python can do it maybe typst should as well. This might open new use-cases for typst.

This might be implemented as another number type besides int, float and decimal or might replace all of those types.

I have been using typst for years and really enjoy using it.

This is maybe similar to #3363

Use Case

I want to be able to do data analysis right in my typst document.
This way I have the code for typesetting my formula right besides code that can perform my formula in one place, similar to literate programming like org-mode or a jupyter notebook.
Unfortunately typst only allows numbers that fit in a 64 bit integer.

Start by reading the related issue #3363 and reviewing how Typst's int, float, and decimal values currently handle 64-bit limits. Define the supported arbitrary-precision number behavior and arithmetic needed for in-document data analysis, then verify that the resulting design covers values beyond 64-bit integers.