Docker images are pulled by anonymous user rather then authenticated

I have logged in with docker login -u <username> and base64 encrypted record was written to ~/.docker/config.json as:

"https://index.docker.io/v1/": {
	"auth": "<base64encoded username:password>"
}

However, when I use Testcontainers it pulls images as an anonymous user rather than authenticated.
Examined by pull ratelimit-remaining check:

[anonymous] TOKEN=$(curl "https://auth.docker.io/token?service=registry.docker.io&scope=repository:ratelimitpreview/test:pull" | jq -r .token)
[authenticated] TOKEN=$(curl --user 'username:password' "https://auth.docker.io/token?service=registry.docker.io&scope=repository:ratelimitpreview/test:pull" | jq -r .token)
curl --head -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/ratelimitpreview/test/manifests/latest

I see that anonymous user pull ratelimit-remaining decreases, however for an authenticated user, it stays the same.

The problem leads to reaching Docker pull rate limit much faster

Error during callback: com.github.dockerjava.api.exception.InternalServerErrorException: Status 500: {"message":"toomanyrequests: You have reached your pull rate limit

Start by reproducing the image pull through Testcontainers after running docker login and inspecting ~/.docker/config.json. Trace how Testcontainers obtains Docker credentials and compare its pull with the authenticated and anonymous rate-limit checks shown in the report. Done means authenticated credentials are used for pulls and the authenticated rate limit, rather than the anonymous limit, is consumed.