Experiment with Qualcomm (QNN) backend export

Goal

Experiment with the ExecuTorch Qualcomm (QNN) backend: export a few easy
models and get them running correctly on-device on Qualcomm hardware (HTP /
Hexagon). Start with MobileNetV2 (small image classifier, quantizes cleanly
to int8 on HTP) as the proof-of-concept, then generalize.

Export scripts land in the GitLab export-scripts repo (universal-exporter
harness); RNE runtime integration is a separate follow-up (see below).

Key constraint: AOT compile needs x86_64 Linux (not macOS)

The QNN ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler is only shipped/verified for Ubuntu
22.04 x86_64 (or WSL). The QNN SDK ships no macOS host library — its host
libs are x86_64-linux-clang / x86_64-windows-msvc only. So the export flow
cannot run on an Apple Silicon Mac; only the device runtime libs are
cross-platform. Everything below runs on a Linux x86_64 box; only the phone is
shared.

Setup required

• x86_64 Linux host — Ubuntu 22.04 (or WSL on Windows), g++ ≥ 13.

• QNN SDK 2.37.0 (Qualcomm AI Engine Direct) from the Qualcomm developer
  portal, unpacked to e.g. ~/qnn-sdk/qairt/2.37.0.250724. 2.37 is the
  version ExecuTorch currently recommends for stability.

• Android NDK (for building the on-device qnn_executor_runner).

• ExecuTorch built from source with the Qualcomm backend enabled — the
  pip executorch wheel does not ship the QNN AOT libraries.
  bash git clone https://github.com/software-mansion-labs/executorch.git cd executorch && git submodule sync && git submodule update --init export QNN_SDK_ROOT=$HOME/qnn-sdk/qairt/2.37.0.250724 export ANDROID_NDK_ROOT=$HOME/Android/Sdk/ndk/<version> ./install_executorch.sh ./backends/qualcomm/scripts/build.sh # QNN AOT libs + android runtime

• Env vars in every export shell:
  bash export QNN_SDK_ROOT=$HOME/qnn-sdk/qairt/2.37.0.250724 export EXECUTORCH_ROOT=$HOME/executorch source $QNN_SDK_ROOT/bin/envsetup.sh # sets LD_LIBRARY_PATH for QNN export PYTHONPATH=$EXECUTORCH_ROOT/..:$PYTHONPATH

• A Qualcomm SoC device connected over adb. Read the chip and map it
  to a QcomChipset member (needed for --soc):
  bash adb shell getprop ro.soc.model # e.g. SM8650
  | ro.soc.model | QcomChipset | Marketing | Hexagon |
  |----------------|---------------|----------------------|---------|
  | SM8450 | SM8450 | Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 | v69 |
  | SM8550 | SM8550 | Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 | v73 |
  | SM8650 | SM8650 | Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 | v75 |
  | SM8750 | SM8750 | Snapdragon 8 Elite | v79 |

  Full list: `backends/qualcomm/serialization/qc_schema.py` (`QcomChipset`).
  

Export-scripts (universal-exporter) integration

Add QNN to the @nk/universal-exporter harness. QNN is a new backend axis — no
qnn/qualcomm reference exists there yet (inspect_pte.py's KNOWN_BACKENDS
already lists QnnBackend/HtpBackend, but there is no export path).

• Register the backend — add "qnn" to _BACKENDS in
  src/exporter/spec.py (the harness hard-rejects unknown backends).
• New model exporter_models/mobilenet_v2/:
  • model.json — backends includes "qnn".
  • qnn/config.json — local spec (no HF repo ships a QNN config). Variants:
    int8 (8a8w PTQ, quantized: true) and fp16. forward:
    input [1,3,224,224] float32 → output [1,1000] float32.
  • qnn/export.py — implements export(config, out_dir); lowers inline via
    the QNN HTP path (make_quantizer 8a8w → prepare_pt2e → calibrate →
    convert_pt2e → to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn with an HTP
    compiler spec for the target SoC). ExecuTorch imports stay inside
    export() per the harness contract. Calibrate on a small ImageNet-mini
    split for usable int8 accuracy.
• skills/backends/qnn/SKILL.md — document the Linux-x86_64 + QNN-SDK
  requirement and the lowering recipe, mirroring the existing backend skills.

On-device validation

• Build qnn_executor_runner for android (done by build.sh), push the
  .pte + inputs, run on the HTP, and sanity-check top-1/top-5. Fastest path
  is ExecuTorch's upstream one-shot example:
  bash python -m examples.qualcomm.scripts.mobilenet_v2 \ -b build-android -m SM8650 -s <serial> --dataset ./imagenet-mini/val # expect roughly top_1 ~70%, top_5 ~90%
  A healthy top-k proves the QNN compile + Hexagon execution path works on
  the target SoC.

Follow-up: react-native-executorch runtime integration (rne-rewrite)

Running a QNN-delegated .pte inside the RNE app is a separate, larger task
and is out of scope for the first milestone:

• RNE's native ExecuTorch build must include the QNN delegate (stock RNE
  libs are XNNPACK/CoreML only).
• Ship the QNN runtime .sos + Hexagon skels in the APK.
• Wire the classification model path to load the QNN .pte.

Milestone

Milestone 1 = a validated on-device MobileNetV2 QNN .pte (top-k sane via the
runner). RNE app integration follows once the toolchain is proven.

Start with src/exporter/spec.py and the existing exporter_models and skills/backends directories in the GitLab export-scripts repository, then review backends/qualcomm/serialization/qc_schema.py and the upstream MobileNetV2 example. Verify the Ubuntu x86_64, QNN SDK, Android NDK, and Qualcomm device prerequisites before implementing the export path. Done means a MobileNetV2 QNN .pte runs through qnn_executor_runner with sane top-1/top-5 results on the target SoC.