`xp.isdtype` checks raise on NumPy `StringDType`

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Describe the bug and give evidence about its user-facing impact

numpy.dtypes.StringDType (and other new-style DType classes) crash xp.isdtype() across many sklearn utilities.

numpy's (and array-api-compat's) isdtype() raises TypeError instead of returning False for numpy's new-style DType classes. sklearn calls xp.isdtype(...) in many places expecting False for unrecognized dtypes, not a crash.

Steps/Code to Reproduce

import numpy as np
np.isdtype(np.dtypes.StringDType(), "numeric")
# TypeError: dtype argument must be a NumPy dtype, but it is a <class 'numpy.dtypes.StringDType'>.

from sklearn.utils.multiclass import type_of_target
type_of_target(np.array(["a", "b", "a"], dtype=np.dtypes.StringDType()))
# TypeError: dtype argument must be a NumPy dtype, but it is a <class 'numpy.dtypes.StringDType'>.

Confirmed crash sites (14), all via xp.isdtype() except unique_labels:

Not affected: is_multilabel, LabelEncoder.fit, _array_indexing, _determine_key_type.

Related: #34383 (motivation — proposes StringDType internally in encoders), #9777 (same failure pattern, closed).

Expected Results

Unrecognized dtypes should be treated like any other unsupported dtype (e.g. return False/"unknown"), not raise.

Actual Results

TypeError at every site listed above (unique_labels raises via a different call, same root cause).

Versions

Python 3.11.15
scikit-learn 1.8.0 and 1.9.1 (both confirmed broken)
numpy 2.4.4
pandas 3.0.2
polars 1.44.0

Interest in fixing the bug

One internal helper, e.g. _safe_isdtype(), wrapping xp.isdtype() to catch TypeError and return False, used at all sites above instead of patching each individually.

Start by tracing the xp.isdtype() call sites listed in utils/validation.py, utils/multiclass.py, utils/extmath.py, utils/_array_api.py, preprocessing/_label.py, linear_model/_ridge.py, utils/_encode.py, and utils/_unique.py. Investigate whether a shared helper can handle new-style NumPy dtypes consistently, then verify that the listed functions treat StringDType as unsupported without raising TypeError.