Leverage derive macro `AllVariants` & generated assoc const `ALL_VARIANTS` for CLI error+help messages

PR #148990 by @Zalathar introduced derive (decl) macro AllVariants which generates associated const ALL_VARIANTS: &[Self] containing all variants of a payload-less enum in declaration order. At the time of opening this issue, the macro is only used for print requests (--print) which is a pity since it's great for keeping the list of possible values in error diagnostics in sync with … all possible values.

Presently, it's easy to forget updating the corresponding diagnostic when adding a new argument to an existing CLI option since the compiler won't detect the mismatch. This is not a theoretical concern, desyncs have happened in practice! We might even still have outdated diagnostics.

Note that PrintRequest even uses ALL_VARIANTS to parse print requests by iterating over it. I'm currently not super convinced we should do the same for all other CLI enums, I have a sense that a manual match optimizes better but that could be wrong (also, CLI parsing isn't hot so this probably wouldn't matter anyway).

Steps

• Remove a rust-analyzer workaround. We should be able to remove the following snippet of code without detriment since the relevant issue (rust-lang/rust-analyzer#21043) should be fixed by now: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/5095b44caf4a043fb34250c6a70b78ca59b718e0/compiler/rustc_session/src/config/print_request.rs#L53-L57
  • addressed by #155736
• Make decl macro + trait AllVariants public, so tools like rustdoc can use it, too. Maybe move it from rustc_session to rustc_macros, not sure what others think.
• Migrate CLI enums / diagnostics to this system where it makes sense (probably in the ballpark of 20–50 enums? I don't even know)
  • ideally, in the process we'd render all "unknown argument value" diagnostics consistent in their wording; at the moment it's all over the place IIRC; we should probably create a helper function that's generic over T: AllVariants
• Utilize it for usage output (--help, -Chelp, -Zhelp), too, if possible