Rust 1.88 - error: internal compiler error: encountered incremental compilation error with shallow_lint_levels_on

Hi, I'm not sure if you are still looking for examples of this panic. I've included detail as per the template below, but it is worth noting that I am cross-compiling to run on QEMU riscv32, following the guide at https://operating-system-in-1000-lines.vercel.app/en/, so this may not be suitable for replication.

Prior to this error I used
$ cargo doc --open
which was successful.

Code

main.rs

//! Following the guide OS in 1,000 Lines
//!
//! [OS in 1,000 Lines]{operating-system-in-1000-lines.vercel.app/en/)

#![no_std] // 32-bit RISC-V does not yet have a standard library
#![no_main] // We are providing our own entry point to the code

use core::arch::asm;

use os1k::{main, memset};

unsafe extern "C" {
    static __bss: u8;
    static __bss_end: u8;
    static __stack_top: u8;
}

#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
fn kernel_main() -> ! {
    let bss = &raw const __bss;
    let bss_end = &raw const __bss_end;

    //SAFETY: bss is aligned from linker. Memory between bss and bss_end is contiguous and valid for writing.
    unsafe{ memset(bss.cast_mut(), 0, bss_end as usize - bss as usize ); }

    main();
}

#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
#[unsafe(link_section = ".text.boot")]
fn boot() -> ! {
    let stack_top = &raw const __stack_top;
    unsafe{asm!(
        "mv sp, {stack_top}",
        "j {kernel_main}",
        stack_top = in(reg) stack_top,
        kernel_main = sym kernel_main,
        options(readonly, noreturn)
    )}
}

lib.rs

//! OS in 1,000 Lines in Rust
//!
//! Using the guide [OS in 1,000 Lines](operating-system-in-1000-lines.vercel.app/en/) by [Seiya Nuta](https://github.com/nuta).
//!
//! This is a custom operating system written in just 1,000 lines of code. The Rust version
//! closely follows the C version, but does make use of Rust `core` crate functions.
//! Since the target system is 32-bit RISC-V, we do not have a standard library and need to
//! create our own equivalents.
//!
//! This targets the QEMU `virt` system.

#![no_std]

use core::arch::asm;
use core::fmt::Write;
use core::panic::PanicInfo;

mod print;
pub mod sbi;

/// Rust panic handler.
#[panic_handler]
pub fn panic_handler(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! { loop{} }

/// Fills a buffer with the same byte.
///
/// Takes a raw pointer `buf` to a buffer of size `n` bytes, and fills with `c`.
///
/// # Safety
/// - `buf` must be properly aligned even if the buffer is zero sized.
/// - `buf` must be valid for `n` contiguous writes.
pub unsafe fn memset(buf: *mut u8, c: u8, n: usize) -> *mut u8 {
    unsafe{ buf.write_bytes(c, n) };
    buf
}

/// Main thread.
pub fn main() -> ! {
    let s = "\n\nHello World!\n";
    print!("{}",s);
    println!("🦀");

    loop {
        unsafe{asm!("wfi")}
    }
}

sbi.rs

//! Supervisor Binary Interface calls.

use core::arch::asm;
use core::ffi::{c_int, c_long}; // On our system this will be i32

// Struct holding SBI extension call ids.
//
// * `eid` is the extension id
// * `fid` is the function id
//
// Note that for legacy SBI calls `fid` is ignored.
// SBI extension IDs (EIDs) and SBI function IDs (FIDs) are encoded as signed 32-bit integers
#[expect(dead_code)] // For now we are using legacy calls so expect dead code for fid
struct Extension {
    eid: c_long,
    fid: c_long,
}

// Extension: Console Putchar - Write data to debug console.
const CONSOLE_PUT_CHAR: Extension = Extension{ eid:1, fid:0 };

// This function is not expected to be called directly
fn sbi_call_legacy(arg0: c_long, extension: Extension) -> Result<(), c_long> {
    let value;
    unsafe{asm!(
        "ecall",
        inout("a0") arg0 => value,
                in("a7") extension.eid,
    )}

    if value == 0 {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        Err(value)
    }
}


// Writes to the debug console.
//
// Calls SBI function `sbi_console_putchar` which writes `c_int` to the debug console.
// Although `c_int` is 4 bytes on 32-bit RISC-V, we work in bytes (`u8`) to support UTF-8 multi-byte chars.
// Note - The underlying SBI call will block if there remain any pending bytes to be transmitted
// or if the receiving terminal is not yet ready to receive the byte.
//
// # Panics
//
// Panics on error as unable to print any messages.
pub fn put_char(b: &u8) {
    sbi_call_legacy(*b as c_int, CONSOLE_PUT_CHAR).unwrap();
}

print.rs

//! Print macros.

use core::{fmt, fmt::Write};

use crate::sbi::put_char;

pub struct StdErr;

impl Write for crate::print::StdErr {
    // Takes a UTF-8 string `s` and converts to bytes for debug console via legacy SBI ecall.
    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
        for b in s.as_bytes() {
            put_char(&b);
        }
        Ok(()) // Assume success - we can't print an error message if this fails anyway.
    }
}

/// Formatted print to console.
///
/// This macro accepts a format string and a list of arguments. Arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string
/// and the result will be printed on the console.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! print {
    ( $($arg:tt)* ) => {
        write!(crate::print::StdErr, $($arg)*).ok();
    };
}

/// Formatted print to console with newline.
///
/// This macro accepts a format string and a list of arguments. Arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string
/// with an added newline, and the result will be printed on the console.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! println {
    ( $($arg:tt)* ) => {
        writeln!(crate::print::StdErr, $($arg)*).ok();
    };
}

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "os1k"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies]

.cargo/config.toml

[build]
target = "riscv32i-unknown-none-elf"
rustflags = [
"-g",
"-O",
"-C", "link-args=--Map=kernel.map --script=kernel.ld",
]

[target.riscv32i-unknown-none-elf]
runner = "./run.sh

In case this is useful, the linker script `kernel.ld'

ENTRY(boot)

SECTIONS {
    . = 0x80200000;

    .text :{
        KEEP(*(.text.boot));
        *(.text .text.*);
    }

    .rodata : ALIGN(4) {
        *(.rodata .rodata.*);
    }

    .data : ALIGN(4) {
        *(.data .data.*);
    }

    .bss : ALIGN(4) {
        __bss = .;
        *(.bss .bss.* .sbss .sbss.*);
        __bss_end = .;
    }

    . = ALIGN(4);
    . += 128 * 1024; /* 128KB */
    __stack_top = .;

    /DISCARD/ : { *(.eh_frame*) }
}

Meta

rustc --version --verbose:

rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: 6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc
commit-date: 2025-06-23
host: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.88.0
LLVM version: 20.1.5

Error output

$ cargo build
   Compiling os1k v0.1.0 (/home/thomas/src/os1k)
error: internal compiler error: encountered incremental compilation error with shallow_lint_levels_on(os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension)
  |
  = help: This is a known issue with the compiler. Run `cargo clean -p os1k` or `cargo clean` to allow your project to compile
  = note: Please follow the instructions below to create a bug report with the provided information
  = note: See <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/84970> for more information


thread 'rustc' panicked at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/plumbing.rs:739:9:
Found unstable fingerprints for shallow_lint_levels_on(os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension): ShallowLintLevelMap { expectations: [(Stable { hir_id: HirId(DefId(0:22 ~ os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension).0), attr_index: 0, lint_index: Some(0) }, LintExpectation { reason: None, emission_span: src/sbi.rs:13:10: 13:19 (#0), is_unfulfilled_lint_expectations: false, lint_tool: None })], specs: {0: {LintId { lint: Lint { name: "DEAD_CODE", default_level: Warn, desc: "detect unused, unexported items", edition_lint_opts: None, report_in_external_macro: false, future_incompatible: None, is_externally_loaded: false, feature_gate: None, crate_level_only: false, eval_always: false } }: LevelAndSource { level: Expect, lint_id: Some(Stable { hir_id: HirId(DefId(0:22 ~ os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension).0), attr_index: 0, lint_index: Some(0) }), src: Node { name: "dead_code", span: src/sbi.rs:13:10: 13:19 (#0), reason: None } }}} }
stack backtrace:
   0:     0xfffecae93a48 - std::backtrace_rs::backtrace::libunwind::trace::h9431951fd116cc44
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/../../backtrace/src/backtrace/libunwind.rs:117:9
   1:     0xfffecae93a48 - std::backtrace_rs::backtrace::trace_unsynchronized::h66500b5a90e76ee8
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/../../backtrace/src/backtrace/mod.rs:66:14
   2:     0xfffecae93a48 - std::sys::backtrace::_print_fmt::h563afe87969bcd97
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:66:9
   3:     0xfffecae93a48 - <std::sys::backtrace::BacktraceLock::print::DisplayBacktrace as core::fmt::Display>::fmt::h6393d514ac6e9cd2
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:39:26
   4:     0xfffec803462c - core::fmt::rt::Argument::fmt::h0b3711449485f0f6
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/fmt/rt.rs:181:76
   5:     0xfffec803462c - core::fmt::write::h3d5451b97dda5b0e
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/fmt/mod.rs:1446:25
   6:     0xfffecae89948 - std::io::default_write_fmt::hb3470b74804a88d1
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/io/mod.rs:639:11
   7:     0xfffecae89948 - std::io::Write::write_fmt::hdd3503b3866de1d7
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/io/mod.rs:1914:13
   8:     0xfffecae93908 - std::sys::backtrace::BacktraceLock::print::h9d5d0fd803c544d7
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:42:9
   9:     0xfffecae972e8 - std::panicking::default_hook::{{closure}}::h9d6dd5a1dde1b6c9
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:300:22
  10:     0xfffecae96fd4 - std::panicking::default_hook::h1e41c9e87247723c
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:327:9
  11:     0xfffeca0af780 - std[9aa260371de5c072]::panicking::update_hook::<alloc[6614c4bc27d633a5]::boxed::Box<rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::install_ice_hook::{closure#1}>>::{closure#0}
  12:     0xfffecae97ba0 - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::Fn<Args>>::call::h56711fc79aca3c37
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1980:9
  13:     0xfffecae97ba0 - std::panicking::rust_panic_with_hook::h6e7e6d3e8b95d45e
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:841:13
  14:     0xfffecae9789c - std::panicking::begin_panic_handler::{{closure}}::hac60eebb8a81f899
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:706:13
  15:     0xfffecae93f30 - std::sys::backtrace::__rust_end_short_backtrace::h62db1ed7db49b861
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:168:18
  16:     0xfffecae97594 - __rustc[4794b31dd7191200]::rust_begin_unwind
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:697:5
  17:     0xfffec8022600 - core::panicking::panic_fmt::h53676893f0005007
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/panicking.rs:75:14
  18:     0xfffeca604e4c - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::incremental_verify_ich_failed::<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::ty::context::TyCtxt>
  19:     0xfffec8493c00 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_data_structures[f8e9235482a13ecb]::vec_cache::VecCache<rustc_hir[d57107e7368e0b23]::hir_id::OwnerId, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepNodeIndex>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  20:     0xfffec8491ca0 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::shallow_lint_levels_on::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  21:     0xfffec8590de4 - rustc_passes[96a159fbe4885691]::dead::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits
  22:     0xfffec94b0370 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits::dynamic_query::{closure#2}::{closure#0}, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>
  23:     0xfffec97298e4 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  24:     0xfffec9728e20 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::force_from_dep_node::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>, false, false, false>>
  25:     0xfffec972a02c - <rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::query_callback<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits::QueryType>::{closure#0} as core[16bde87991666963]::ops::function::FnOnce<(rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::ty::context::TyCtxt, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::dep_node::DepNode, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::serialized::SerializedDepNodeIndex)>>::call_once
  26:     0xfffec8498c74 - <rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepGraphData<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::dep_graph::DepsType>>::try_mark_previous_green::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  27:     0xfffec84989f4 - <rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepGraphData<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::dep_graph::DepsType>>::try_mark_green::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  28:     0xfffec8498564 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::ensure_must_run::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::DefaultCache<rustc_span[45812a152ae16db8]::def_id::LocalModDefId, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  29:     0xfffec978b55c - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::check_mod_deathness::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  30:     0xfffec9674fc4 - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::passes::analysis
  31:     0xfffec9727a0c - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::analysis::dynamic_query::{closure#2}::{closure#0}, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>
  32:     0xfffec972ae4c - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  33:     0xfffec972a960 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::analysis::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  34:     0xfffec966018c - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::passes::create_and_enter_global_ctxt::<core[16bde87991666963]::option::Option<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::queries::Linker>, rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}::{closure#2}>::{closure#2}::{closure#0}
  35:     0xfffec95d5dbc - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler::<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}
  36:     0xfffec957ca84 - std[9aa260371de5c072]::sys::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}, ()>::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}, ()>
  37:     0xfffec957bb2c - <<std[9aa260371de5c072]::thread::Builder>::spawn_unchecked_<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}, ()>::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#1} as core[16bde87991666963]::ops::function::FnOnce<()>>::call_once::{shim:vtable#0}
  38:     0xfffecae9b0ec - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::FnOnce<Args>>::call_once::h175e2bed7734a07a
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1966:9
  39:     0xfffecae9b0ec - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::FnOnce<Args>>::call_once::hcfaf068421bbef73
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1966:9
  40:     0xfffecae9b0ec - std::sys::pal::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start::h9909ea7a9d24fe08
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/pal/unix/thread.rs:97:17
  41:     0xfffec6d4d284 - start_thread
  42:     0xfffec6db804c - thread_start
  43:                0x0 - <unknown>

error: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.

note: we would appreciate a bug report: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new?labels=C-bug%2C+I-ICE%2C+T-compiler&template=ice.md

note: rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23) running on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu

note: compiler flags: --crate-type lib -C embed-bitcode=no -C debuginfo=2 -C incremental=[REDACTED] -C link-args=--Map=kernel.map --script=kernel.ld

note: some of the compiler flags provided by cargo are hidden

query stack during panic:
#0 [shallow_lint_levels_on] looking up lint levels for `sbi::Extension`
#1 [live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits] finding live symbols in crate
... and 1 other queries... use `env RUST_BACKTRACE=1` to see the full query stack
there was a panic while trying to force a dep node
try_mark_green dep node stack:
#0 check_mod_deathness(os1k[7a0c])
end of try_mark_green dep node stack
error: could not compile `os1k` (lib) due to 1 previous error

$ RUST_BACKTRACE=full cargo build
   Compiling os1k v0.1.0 (/home/thomas/src/os1k)
error: internal compiler error: encountered incremental compilation error with shallow_lint_levels_on(os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension)
  |
  = help: This is a known issue with the compiler. Run `cargo clean -p os1k` or `cargo clean` to allow your project to compile
  = note: Please follow the instructions below to create a bug report with the provided information
  = note: See <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/84970> for more information


thread 'rustc' panicked at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/plumbing.rs:739:9:
Found unstable fingerprints for shallow_lint_levels_on(os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension): ShallowLintLevelMap { expectations: [(Stable { hir_id: HirId(DefId(0:22 ~ os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension).0), attr_index: 0, lint_index: Some(0) }, LintExpectation { reason: None, emission_span: src/sbi.rs:13:10: 13:19 (#0), is_unfulfilled_lint_expectations: false, lint_tool: None })], specs: {0: {LintId { lint: Lint { name: "DEAD_CODE", default_level: Warn, desc: "detect unused, unexported items", edition_lint_opts: None, report_in_external_macro: false, future_incompatible: None, is_externally_loaded: false, feature_gate: None, crate_level_only: false, eval_always: false } }: LevelAndSource { level: Expect, lint_id: Some(Stable { hir_id: HirId(DefId(0:22 ~ os1k[7a0c]::sbi::Extension).0), attr_index: 0, lint_index: Some(0) }), src: Node { name: "dead_code", span: src/sbi.rs:13:10: 13:19 (#0), reason: None } }}} }
stack backtrace:
   0:     0xffffad983a48 - std::backtrace_rs::backtrace::libunwind::trace::h9431951fd116cc44
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/../../backtrace/src/backtrace/libunwind.rs:117:9
   1:     0xffffad983a48 - std::backtrace_rs::backtrace::trace_unsynchronized::h66500b5a90e76ee8
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/../../backtrace/src/backtrace/mod.rs:66:14
   2:     0xffffad983a48 - std::sys::backtrace::_print_fmt::h563afe87969bcd97
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:66:9
   3:     0xffffad983a48 - <std::sys::backtrace::BacktraceLock::print::DisplayBacktrace as core::fmt::Display>::fmt::h6393d514ac6e9cd2
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:39:26
   4:     0xffffaab2462c - core::fmt::rt::Argument::fmt::h0b3711449485f0f6
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/fmt/rt.rs:181:76
   5:     0xffffaab2462c - core::fmt::write::h3d5451b97dda5b0e
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/fmt/mod.rs:1446:25
   6:     0xffffad979948 - std::io::default_write_fmt::hb3470b74804a88d1
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/io/mod.rs:639:11
   7:     0xffffad979948 - std::io::Write::write_fmt::hdd3503b3866de1d7
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/io/mod.rs:1914:13
   8:     0xffffad983908 - std::sys::backtrace::BacktraceLock::print::h9d5d0fd803c544d7
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:42:9
   9:     0xffffad9872e8 - std::panicking::default_hook::{{closure}}::h9d6dd5a1dde1b6c9
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:300:22
  10:     0xffffad986fd4 - std::panicking::default_hook::h1e41c9e87247723c
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:327:9
  11:     0xffffacb9f780 - std[9aa260371de5c072]::panicking::update_hook::<alloc[6614c4bc27d633a5]::boxed::Box<rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::install_ice_hook::{closure#1}>>::{closure#0}
  12:     0xffffad987ba0 - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::Fn<Args>>::call::h56711fc79aca3c37
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1980:9
  13:     0xffffad987ba0 - std::panicking::rust_panic_with_hook::h6e7e6d3e8b95d45e
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:841:13
  14:     0xffffad98789c - std::panicking::begin_panic_handler::{{closure}}::hac60eebb8a81f899
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:706:13
  15:     0xffffad983f30 - std::sys::backtrace::__rust_end_short_backtrace::h62db1ed7db49b861
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/backtrace.rs:168:18
  16:     0xffffad987594 - __rustc[4794b31dd7191200]::rust_begin_unwind
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/panicking.rs:697:5
  17:     0xffffaab12600 - core::panicking::panic_fmt::h53676893f0005007
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/core/src/panicking.rs:75:14
  18:     0xffffad0f4e4c - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::incremental_verify_ich_failed::<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::ty::context::TyCtxt>
  19:     0xffffaaf83c00 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_data_structures[f8e9235482a13ecb]::vec_cache::VecCache<rustc_hir[d57107e7368e0b23]::hir_id::OwnerId, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepNodeIndex>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  20:     0xffffaaf81ca0 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::shallow_lint_levels_on::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  21:     0xffffab080de4 - rustc_passes[96a159fbe4885691]::dead::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits
  22:     0xffffabfa0370 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits::dynamic_query::{closure#2}::{closure#0}, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>
  23:     0xffffac2198e4 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  24:     0xffffac218e20 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::force_from_dep_node::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 8usize]>>, false, false, false>>
  25:     0xffffac21a02c - <rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::query_callback<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits::QueryType>::{closure#0} as core[16bde87991666963]::ops::function::FnOnce<(rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::ty::context::TyCtxt, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::dep_node::DepNode, rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::serialized::SerializedDepNodeIndex)>>::call_once
  26:     0xffffaaf88c74 - <rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepGraphData<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::dep_graph::DepsType>>::try_mark_previous_green::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  27:     0xffffaaf889f4 - <rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::dep_graph::graph::DepGraphData<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::dep_graph::DepsType>>::try_mark_green::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  28:     0xffffaaf88564 - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::ensure_must_run::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::DefaultCache<rustc_span[45812a152ae16db8]::def_id::LocalModDefId, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt>
  29:     0xffffac27b55c - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::check_mod_deathness::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  30:     0xffffac164fc4 - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::passes::analysis
  31:     0xffffac217a0c - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::analysis::dynamic_query::{closure#2}::{closure#0}, rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>
  32:     0xffffac21ae4c - rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::plumbing::try_execute_query::<rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::DynamicConfig<rustc_query_system[86cd55f56848bc76]::query::caches::SingleCache<rustc_middle[ae51ec946f7918a2]::query::erase::Erased<[u8; 0usize]>>, false, false, false>, rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::plumbing::QueryCtxt, true>
  33:     0xffffac21a960 - rustc_query_impl[8c0185b84419c985]::query_impl::analysis::get_query_incr::__rust_end_short_backtrace
  34:     0xffffac15018c - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::passes::create_and_enter_global_ctxt::<core[16bde87991666963]::option::Option<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::queries::Linker>, rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}::{closure#2}>::{closure#2}::{closure#0}
  35:     0xffffac0c5dbc - rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler::<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}
  36:     0xffffac06ca84 - std[9aa260371de5c072]::sys::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}, ()>::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}, ()>
  37:     0xffffac06bb2c - <<std[9aa260371de5c072]::thread::Builder>::spawn_unchecked_<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::util::run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<rustc_interface[e39fef92bd5ffa79]::interface::run_compiler<(), rustc_driver_impl[b9fda2760f87d2ee]::run_compiler::{closure#0}>::{closure#1}, ()>::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#0}::{closure#0}, ()>::{closure#1} as core[16bde87991666963]::ops::function::FnOnce<()>>::call_once::{shim:vtable#0}
  38:     0xffffad98b0ec - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::FnOnce<Args>>::call_once::h175e2bed7734a07a
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1966:9
  39:     0xffffad98b0ec - <alloc::boxed::Box<F,A> as core::ops::function::FnOnce<Args>>::call_once::hcfaf068421bbef73
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1966:9
  40:     0xffffad98b0ec - std::sys::pal::unix::thread::Thread::new::thread_start::h9909ea7a9d24fe08
                               at /rustc/6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc/library/std/src/sys/pal/unix/thread.rs:97:17
  41:     0xffffa983d284 - start_thread
  42:     0xffffa98a804c - thread_start
  43:                0x0 - <unknown>

error: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.

note: we would appreciate a bug report: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new?labels=C-bug%2C+I-ICE%2C+T-compiler&template=ice.md

note: rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23) running on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu

note: compiler flags: --crate-type lib -C embed-bitcode=no -C debuginfo=2 -C incremental=[REDACTED] -C link-args=--Map=kernel.map --script=kernel.ld

note: some of the compiler flags provided by cargo are hidden

query stack during panic:
#0 [shallow_lint_levels_on] looking up lint levels for `sbi::Extension`
#1 [live_symbols_and_ignored_derived_traits] finding live symbols in crate
#2 [analysis] running analysis passes on this crate
end of query stack
there was a panic while trying to force a dep node
try_mark_green dep node stack:
#0 check_mod_deathness(os1k[7a0c])
end of try_mark_green dep node stack

Start by reproducing the reported cargo build failure with the provided main.rs, lib.rs, sbi.rs, print.rs, .cargo/config.toml, and linker script. Inspect the panic location in compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/plumbing.rs and compare behavior after cargo clean; done means the RISC-V build no longer produces this incremental compilation ICE.