RPI 4 - unable to enumerate USB device

Begin with the supplied dmesg output and the Linux 6.1.21-v7+ and 6.1.61-v7+ environments; investigate USB enumeration through xhci_hcd on the listed Raspberry Pi models. Reproduce the failure with the IoT device or FTDI FT232RL and compare logs after reconnect and reboot. Done is identifying a reproducible cause and a validated firmware or kernel fix.

Problem:
Periodically there is an issue 'unable to enumerate USB device' using an IoT device connected to the Raspberry Pi 4B.
The similar behaviour is also observed while using a USB-UART TTL converter (FTDI FT232RL).
The issue reproduces on different RPIs, including 3B+ and 4B models, 'bullseye' and 'bookworm' versions as well.
Replacing an USB cables also does not help. From time to time the problem occurs again.

Symptoms:
RPi does not recognise connected USB device.

Possible temporary solutions:

• manual reconnect USB cable;
• reboot an RPi.

dmesg logs:

[78509.741458] usb 1-1.1: device descriptor read/64, error -71
[78509.961493] usb 1-1.1: device descriptor read/64, error -71
[78510.181280] usb 1-1.1: new high-speed USB device number 17 using xhci_hcd
[78510.281500] usb 1-1.1: device descriptor read/64, error -71
[78510.511590] usb 1-1.1: device descriptor read/64, error -71
[78510.641806] usb 1-1-port1: attempt power cycle
[78511.301306] usb 1-1.1: new high-speed USB device number 18 using xhci_hcd
[78511.301606] usb 1-1.1: Device not responding to setup address.
[78511.521602] usb 1-1.1: Device not responding to setup address.
[78511.741296] usb 1-1.1: device not accepting address 18, error -71
[78511.841300] usb 1-1.1: new high-speed USB device number 19 using xhci_hcd
[78511.841584] usb 1-1.1: Device not responding to setup address.
[78512.061544] usb 1-1.1: Device not responding to setup address.
[78512.281293] usb 1-1.1: device not accepting address 19, error -71
[78512.281751] usb 1-1-port1: unable to enumerate USB device

System:

Raspberry Pi reference 2023-05-03
Generated using pi-gen, https://github.com/RPi-Distro/pi-gen, 47eee1f0ddcf8811559d51eea1c1bb48335e3e88, stage2

Mar 17 2023 10:50:39 
Copyright (c) 2012 Broadcom
version 82f3750a65fadae9a38077e3c2e217ad158c8d54 (clean) (release) (start)

Linux raspberrypi 6.1.21-v7l+ #1642 SMP Mon Apr  3 17:22:30 BST 2023 armv7l GNU/Linux
PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)"

and

Raspberry Pi reference 2023-05-03
Generated using pi-gen, https://github.com/RPi-Distro/pi-gen, 47eee1f0ddcf8811559d51eea1c1bb48335e3e88, stage2

Oct 17 2023 15:39:16 
Copyright (c) 2012 Broadcom
version 30f0c5e4d076da3ab4f341d88e7d505760b93ad7 (clean) (release) (start)

Linux raspberrypi 6.1.61-v7l+ #1696 SMP Thu Nov  2 16:40:28 GMT 2023 armv7l GNU/Linux
PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)"