Contents Shortcode not working for pdf output (relates to Feature 10552)

Bug description

This relates to Feature 10552.

When I try and output, to pdf, the minimal example in the documentation. I get this a malformed document and an incorrect output:

quarto preview /workspaces/quarto-playpen-2/.devcontainer/content_test_qmd.qmd --to pdf --no-brow
ser --no-watch-inputs

Output:

Starting python3 kernel...Done

Executing 'content_test_qmd.quarto_ipynb'
  Cell 1/1: 'a-cell'...Done

pandoc 
  to: latex
  output-file: content_test_qmd.tex
  standalone: true
  pdf-engine: xelatex
  variables:
    graphics: true
    tables: true
  default-image-extension: pdf
  
metadata
  documentclass: scrartcl
  classoption:
    - DIV=11
    - numbers=noendperiod
  papersize: letter
  header-includes:
    - '\KOMAoption{captions}{tableheading}'
  block-headings: true
  
WARNING (/opt/quarto/share/filters/main.lua:15386) [Malformed document] Found `contents` shortcode without a corresponding div with id: a-cell.
This might happen because the shortcode is used in div context, while the id corresponds to a span.
Removing from document.

Rendering PDF
running xelatex - 1
  This is XeTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-0.999992 (TeX Live 2020/Debian) (preloaded format=xelatex)
   restricted \write18 enabled.
  entering extended mode
  
running xelatex - 2
  This is XeTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-0.999992 (TeX Live 2020/Debian) (preloaded format=xelatex)
   restricted \write18 enabled.
  entering extended mode
  

Output created: content_test_qmd.pdf

Steps to reproduce

## A section

Here we define a plot.

```{python}
#| echo: false
#| label: a-cell
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1,2,3])
```

## Another section

Here we use the plot, inside a callout:

::: callout-note

## Note the following plot

{{< contents a-cell >}}

:::

Expected behavior

A pdf that is consistent with the documentation.

Actual behavior

I get the error above, and a document that looks like this:

Your environment

• IDE: VS Code 1.92.2
• OS: 13.6.7 Ventura

Quarto check output

Quarto 1.6.9
[✓] Checking versions of quarto binary dependencies...
      Pandoc version 3.2.0: OK
      Dart Sass version 1.70.0: OK
      Deno version 1.41.0: OK
      Typst version 0.11.0: OK
[✓] Checking versions of quarto dependencies......OK
[✓] Checking Quarto installation......OK
      Version: 1.6.9
      Path: /opt/quarto/bin

[✓] Checking tools....................OK
      Chromium: 869685
      TinyTeX: (not installed)

[✓] Checking LaTeX....................OK
      Using: Installation From Path
      Path: /usr/bin
      Version: 2020

[✓] Checking basic markdown render....OK

[✓] Checking Python 3 installation....OK
      Version: 3.12.1
      Path: /usr/local/bin/python
      Jupyter: 5.7.2
      Kernels: python3

[✓] Checking Jupyter engine render....OK

[✓] Checking R installation...........(None)

      Unable to locate an installed version of R.
      Install R from https://cloud.r-project.org/