`codecs.encode` with `utf-*` encoding and errors returing `str` rejects surrogates blindly

Bug report

Bug description:

For codecs.encode,
with utf-* encoding, and a custom errors which returns str,
if you pass some characters that are not valid UTF characters (e.g. surrogates),
UnicodeEncodeError is just raised and there's not the expected (and documented) case
where the returned str is appended.

import codecs

ERRORS_NAME = "returning non-ascii"

# something being not encod-able via `utf-*`
BAD_UTF = "\uD800"  # the first high surrogate character


def register_repl_error(repl: str):
    def error_handle(exc: UnicodeEncodeError) -> tuple[str, int]:
        return (repl, exc.end)

    codecs.register_error(ERRORS_NAME, error_handle)


def encode_surrogate(encoding: str, repl: str):
    register_repl_error(repl)
    max_enc_len = 9
    pre = f"codecs.encode({BAD_UTF!r}, {encoding=:{max_enc_len}}) "
    try:
        res = codecs.encode(BAD_UTF, encoding, ERRORS_NAME)
    except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
        reason = err.reason
        print(pre + f"raises with {reason=}")

    else:
        print(pre + f"returns {res}")


NON_ASCII = "龍"  # loong in Chinese

## utf-*

for i in ('8', '16', '32', '16-le', '16-be'):
    encode_surrogate("utf-" + i, NON_ASCII)

print('-'*3)


# The following is some non-utf* encoding, which works fine

## cjk

### zh
for enc in ("gbk", "big5"):
    encode_surrogate(enc, NON_ASCII)

### jp
for enc in ("Shift_JIS", "EUC-JP"):
    encode_surrogate(enc, NON_ASCII)

Output:

codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=utf-8    ) raises with reason='surrogates not allowed'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=utf-16   ) raises with reason='surrogates not allowed'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=utf-32   ) raises with reason='surrogates not allowed'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=utf-16-le) raises with reason='surrogates not allowed'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=utf-16-be) raises with reason='surrogates not allowed'
---
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=gbk      ) returns b'\xfd\x88'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=big5     ) returns b'\xc0s'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=Shift_JIS) returns b'\x97\xb4'
codecs.encode('\ud800', encoding=EUC-JP   ) returns b'\xce\xb6'

CPython versions tested on:

3.9, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14

Operating systems tested on:

Linux, Windows

Linked PRs

• gh-139554

Start by running the provided reproducer for the utf-* encodings and compare its behavior with the non-UTF encodings. Review linked PR gh-139554 and the codecs.encode error-handling path; done means a custom handler returning a str is accepted for invalid surrogates as documented.