Failed ASU 22.03.4 -> 23.05.5

{
    "url": "https://sysupgrade.openwrt.org",
    "revision": "r20123-38ccc47687",
    "advanced_mode": "1",
    "branch": "22.03",
    "efi": null,
    "request_hash": "2e4d1126106d4c9965baa3b80cf38ec6d2abb801c6573df6fd58f6e774fe2cf2",
    "profile": "qemu-standard-pc-i440fx-piix-1996",
    "target": "x86/64",
    "version": "23.05.5",
    "packages": [
        "acme",
        "avahi-dbus-daemon",
        "base-files",
        "bash",
        "bind-host",
        "bnx2-firmware",
        "busybox",
        "ca-bundle",
        "cgi-io",
        "collectd",
        "collectd-mod-cpu",
        "collectd-mod-dhcpleases",
        "collectd-mod-interface",
        "collectd-mod-ipstatistics",
        "collectd-mod-iwinfo",
        "collectd-mod-load",
        "collectd-mod-memory",
        "collectd-mod-network",
        "collectd-mod-ntpd",
        "collectd-mod-rrdtool",
        "collectd-mod-thermal",
        "collectd-mod-uptime",
        "curl",
        "ddns-scripts",
        "ddns-scripts-services",
        "dnsmasq",
        "dropbear",
        "e2fsprogs",
        "fdisk",
        "firewall4",
        "fstools",
        "fwtool",
        "getrandom",
        "git",
        "git-http",
        "glib2",
        "grub2",
        "grub2-bios-setup",
        "grub2-efi",
        "htop",
        "iptables-nft",
        "jansson",
        "jshn",
        "jsonfilter",
        "kernel",
        "kmod-amazon-ena",
        "kmod-amd-xgbe",
        "kmod-bnx2",
        "kmod-button-hotplug",
        "kmod-crypto-crc32c",
        "kmod-crypto-hash",
        "kmod-e1000",
        "kmod-e1000e",
        "kmod-forcedeth",
        "kmod-fs-vfat",
        "kmod-igb",
        "kmod-igc",
        "kmod-input-core",
        "kmod-ixgbe",
        "kmod-lib-crc-ccitt",
        "kmod-lib-crc32c",
        "kmod-nf-conntrack",
        "kmod-nf-conntrack6",
        "kmod-nf-flow",
        "kmod-nf-log",
        "kmod-nf-log6",
        "kmod-nf-nat",
        "kmod-nf-reject",
        "kmod-nf-reject6",
        "kmod-nfnetlink",
        "kmod-nft-core",
        "kmod-nft-fib",
        "kmod-nft-nat",
        "kmod-nft-offload",
        "kmod-nls-base",
        "kmod-nls-cp437",
        "kmod-nls-iso8859-1",
        "kmod-nls-utf8",
        "kmod-ppp",
        "kmod-pppoe",
        "kmod-pppox",
        "kmod-r8169",
        "kmod-slhc",
        "kmod-tg3",
        "libattr",
        "libblkid",
        "libblobmsg-json",
        "libcap-ng",
        "libcomerr",
        "libcurl",
        "libext2fs",
        "libf2fs",
        "libiwinfo",
        "libiwinfo-data",
        "libiwinfo-lua",
        "libjson-c",
        "libjson-script",
        "liblua",
        "liblucihttp",
        "liblucihttp-lua",
        "libmbedtls",
        "libmnl",
        "libnetsnmp",
        "libnftnl",
        "libnl-tiny",
        "libopenssl",
        "libopenssl-conf",
        "libsmartcols",
        "libss",
        "libubox",
        "libubus",
        "libubus-lua",
        "libuci",
        "libuclient",
        "libucode",
        "libuuid",
        "libwolfssl",
        "logd",
        "losetup",
        "lsblk",
        "lua",
        "luci",
        "luci-app-acme",
        "luci-app-commands",
        "luci-app-ddns",
        "luci-app-firewall",
        "luci-app-nft-qos",
        "luci-app-nlbwmon",
        "luci-app-openvpn",
        "luci-app-opkg",
        "luci-app-snmpd",
        "luci-app-sqm",
        "luci-app-statistics",
        "luci-app-upnp",
        "luci-app-wireguard",
        "luci-base",
        "luci-lib-base",
        "luci-lib-ip",
        "luci-lib-jsonc",
        "luci-lib-nixio",
        "luci-mod-admin-full",
        "luci-mod-network",
        "luci-mod-rpc",
        "luci-mod-status",
        "luci-mod-system",
        "luci-proto-ipv6",
        "luci-proto-ppp",
        "luci-proto-wireguard",
        "luci-theme-bootstrap",
        "mkf2fs",
        "mosh-server",
        "mtd",
        "nano",
        "netdata",
        "netifd",
        "nftables-json",
        "odhcp6c",
        "odhcpd-ipv6only",
        "openssh-keygen",
        "openssh-sftp-server",
        "openssl-util",
        "openvpn-openssl",
        "openwrt-keyring",
        "opkg",
        "partx-utils",
        "ppp",
        "ppp-mod-pppoe",
        "procd",
        "procd-seccomp",
        "procd-ujail",
        "qemu-ga",
        "qrencode",
        "r8169-firmware",
        "resize2fs",
        "rpcd",
        "rpcd-mod-file",
        "rpcd-mod-iwinfo",
        "rpcd-mod-luci",
        "rpcd-mod-rrdns",
        "ruby-did-you-mean",
        "ruby-gems",
        "ruby-yaml",
        "screen",
        "snmpd",
        "tailscale",
        "telegraf-full",
        "tmux",
        "ubox",
        "ubus",
        "ubusd",
        "uci",
        "uclient-fetch",
        "ucode",
        "ucode-mod-fs",
        "ucode-mod-ubus",
        "ucode-mod-uci",
        "uhttpd",
        "uhttpd-mod-ubus",
        "urandom-seed",
        "urngd",
        "usign",
        "wget-ssl",
        "zsh"
    ],
    "diff_packages": true,
    "filesystem": "ext4",
    "client": "luci/undefined"
}

(cut)
Updated list of available packages in /builder/build_dir/target-x86_64_musl/root-x86/../../../../builder/dl/openwrt_routing
Downloading http://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/23.05.5/packages/x86_64/routing/Packages.sig
Signature check passed.
Downloading http://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/23.05.5/packages/x86_64/telephony/Packages.gz
Updated list of available packages in /builder/build_dir/target-x86_64_musl/root-x86/../../../../builder/dl/openwrt_telephony
Downloading http://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/23.05.5/packages/x86_64/telephony/Packages.sig
Signature check passed.
Downloading file:packages/Packages
Updated list of available packages in /builder/build_dir/target-x86_64_musl/root-x86/../../../../builder/dl/imagebuilder
Downloading file:packages/Packages.sig
Signature check passed.
Pseudo file "dev" exists in source filesystem "/builder/build_dir/target-x86_64_musl/root-x86/dev".
Ignoring, exclude it (-e/-ef) to override.
error: ext4_allocate_best_fit_partial: failed to allocate 14126 blocks, out of space?
make[3]: *** [/builder/include/image.mk:350: /builder/build_dir/target-x86_64_musl/linux-x86_64/root.ext4] Error 1
make[2]: *** [Makefile:208: build_image] Error 2
make[1]: *** [Makefile:146: _call_image] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:262: image] Error 2

Start with the failed image build at /builder/include/image.mk:350 and the ext4_allocate_best_fit_partial error in the supplied log. Reproduce the ASU request for profile qemu-standard-pc-i440fx-piix-1996 with the listed packages, then determine whether the failure is caused by the generated ext4 image size or another build constraint. Done should include a confirmed cause and a clearly scoped remediation.