Temporal does not compile with shared ICU or no ICU

When Node.js is configured with --with-intl=none (or --without-intl) or --with-intl=system-icu the build fails when Temporal is enabled.

e.g.

• --with-intl=system-icu: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit-linux-containered/nodes=ubuntu2404_sharedlibs_icu_x64/55537/console

20:51:03   ccache clang++-19 -o /home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj.target/v8_base_without_compiler/deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.o ../deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.cc '-D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=1' '-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64' '-DNODE_OPENSSL_CONF_NAME=nodejs_conf' '-DICU_NO_USER_DATA_OVERRIDE' '-DV8_GYP_BUILD' '-DV8_TYPED_ARRAY_MAX_SIZE_IN_HEAP=64' '-DBUILDING_V8_SHARED' '-DBUILDING_V8_PLATFORM_SHARED' '-D__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS' '-DOPENSSL_NO_PINSHARED' '-DOPENSSL_THREADS' '-DV8_TARGET_ARCH_X64' '-DV8_HAVE_TARGET_OS' '-DV8_TARGET_OS_LINUX' '-DV8_EMBEDDER_STRING="-node.17"' '-DENABLE_DISASSEMBLER' '-DV8_PROMISE_INTERNAL_FIELD_COUNT=1' '-DENABLE_GDB_JIT_INTERFACE' '-DV8_ENABLE_PRIVATE_MAPPING_FORK_OPTIMIZATION' '-DV8_SHORT_BUILTIN_CALLS' '-DOBJECT_PRINT' '-DV8_INTL_SUPPORT' '-DV8_TEMPORAL_SUPPORT' '-DV8_ATOMIC_OBJECT_FIELD_WRITES' '-DV8_ENABLE_LAZY_SOURCE_POSITIONS' '-DV8_USE_SIPHASH' '-DV8_ENABLE_SEEDED_ARRAY_INDEX_HASH' '-DNDEBUG' '-DV8_WIN64_UNWINDING_INFO' '-DV8_ENABLE_REGEXP_INTERPRETER_THREADED_DISPATCH' '-DV8_USE_ZLIB' '-DV8_ENABLE_LEAPTIERING' '-DV8_ENABLE_SPARKPLUG' '-DV8_ENABLE_MAGLEV' '-DV8_ENABLE_TURBOFAN' '-DV8_ENABLE_WEBASSEMBLY' '-DV8_ENABLE_JAVASCRIPT_PROMISE_HOOKS' '-DV8_ENABLE_CONTINUATION_PRESERVED_EMBEDDER_DATA' '-DV8_ALLOCATION_FOLDING' '-DV8_ALLOCATION_SITE_TRACKING' '-DV8_ADVANCED_BIGINT_ALGORITHMS' '-DV8_ENABLE_WASM_SIMD256_REVEC' '-DICU_UTIL_DATA_IMPL=ICU_UTIL_DATA_STATIC' -I../deps/v8 -I../deps/v8/include -I/opt/icu-73.2/include -I/home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj/gen/inspector-generated-output-root -I../deps/v8/third_party/inspector_protocol -I/home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj/gen -I/home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj/gen/inspector-generated-output-root/include -I/home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj/gen/generate-bytecode-output-root -I../deps/v8/third_party/zlib -I../deps/v8/third_party/zlib/google -I../deps/v8/third_party/fp16/src/include -I../deps/v8/third_party/highway/src -I../deps/v8/third_party/simdutf -I../deps/v8/third_party/abseil-cpp -I../deps/crates/vendor/temporal_capi/bindings/cpp  -fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -pthread -Wno-unused-parameter -m64 -O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -O3 -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -fno-strict-aliasing -std=gnu++20 -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-nullability-completeness -MMD -MF /home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/.deps//home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj.target/v8_base_without_compiler/deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.o.d.raw   -c
20:51:05 ../deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.cc:14:10: fatal error: 'udatamem.h' file not found
20:51:05    14 | #include "udatamem.h"
20:51:05       |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
20:51:05 1 error generated.
20:51:05 make[2]: *** [tools/v8_gypfiles/v8_base_without_compiler.target.mk:1138: /home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj.target/v8_base_without_compiler/deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.o] Error 1

• --without-intl https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit-linux-containered/nodes=ubuntu2404_sharedlibs_withoutintl_x64/55537/console

23:19:59 /usr/bin/ld: /home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/obj.target/v8_base_without_compiler/deps/v8/src/objects/js-temporal-zoneinfo64.o: in function `v8::internal::ZoneInfo64Provider::ZoneInfo64Provider()':
23:19:59 js-temporal-zoneinfo64.cc:(.text._ZN2v88internal18ZoneInfo64ProviderC2Ev+0x13): undefined reference to `zoneinfo64_static_data_len'
23:19:59 /usr/bin/ld: js-temporal-zoneinfo64.cc:(.text._ZN2v88internal18ZoneInfo64ProviderC2Ev+0x1d): undefined reference to `zoneinfo64_static_data'
23:20:00 clang++-19: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
23:20:00 make[2]: *** [tools/v8_gypfiles/mksnapshot.target.mk:222: /home/iojs/build/workspace/node-test-commit-linux-containered/out/Release/mksnapshot] Error 1
23:20:00 rm a50936564b94c8a1c04b713ccd861b094c973ce83a2131b86111777ecadc0a82.intermediate 

The first issue (with --with-intl=system-icu) stems from V8 using a private header file from ICU. In https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/62508, this is being worked around by temporarily patching V8 with https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/62508/files#diff-89a9a4423f9b83142d44bfb376f2c56ffff396ee1ef98c4930a61d5ed9732c7f. Unfortunately applying that in https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/61806 breaks parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo in the default (no --with-intl=... specified) case.

e.g. https://github.com/nodejs/node/actions/runs/24165429332/job/70525857573?pr=61806#step:9:6040

=== release test-temporal-with-zoneinfo ===
Path: parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo
Error: --- stderr ---
/home/runner/work/node/node/node/test/parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo.js:19
assert.strictEqual(pdt.toString(), '1969-07-20T20:17:00Z');
                       ^

Error: Temporal error: Internal error: Failed to load timezone info.
    at Instant.toString (<anonymous>)
    at Object.<anonymous> (/home/runner/work/node/node/node/test/parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo.js:19:24)
    at Module._compile (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1829:14)
    at Object..js (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1969:10)
    at Module.load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1552:32)
    at Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1354:12)
    at wrapModuleLoad (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:255:19)
    at Module.executeUserEntryPoint [as runMain] (node:internal/modules/run_main:154:5)
    at node:internal/main/run_main_module:33:47

Node.js v26.0.0-pre
Command: out/Release/node --harmony-temporal /home/runner/work/node/node/node/test/parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo.js

===
=== 1 tests failed
===

Failed tests:
out/Release/node --harmony-temporal /home/runner/work/node/node/node/test/parallel/test-temporal-with-zoneinfo.js

Also ideally we don't want to be carrying patches on top of V8 as much as possible, so would prefer something patched upstream in V8 if possible.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/61806#issuecomment-4208315579