ROCm: no decode-graph capture — the hipGraph seam is unimplemented, costing ~3x decode throughput vs vLLM on gfx1200

Row: BACKEND-ROCM

Board: AMD Radeon RX 9060 XT, gfx1200 (Navi 44, RDNA4, discrete). ROCm
7.2.3, hipClang/Clang 22.0.0. M0/M1/M2 met on this board, and M4 met for
Gemma-3-1B-it (#269).

vt::Backend's graph-capture virtuals are implemented only for CUDA.
RocmBackend::SupportsGraphCapture() inherits false
(src/vt/rocm/rocm_backend.hip:22-26 says so explicitly), and
RocmPlatform does not override support_static_graph_mode(), so it inherits
false from platforms/interface.h:189. Every decode-graph class gates on
exactly those two — e.g. qwen3.cpp:494-498 — so on ROCm every decode step
pays full host-side kernel-launch cost, while vLLM on the same board replays
captured hipGraphs.

Measurement

Ours (examples/vllm-bench on build-hip) vs a real vLLM-ROCm oracle built
from this project's own pinned commit 555967922 (against
rocm/vllm-dev:base, whose ROCm 7.2.3 matches this board's native build), in
production config — graphs on, not --enforce-eager. 128 in / 128 out,
batch 8, bf16, stock upstream checkpoints:

Model	Layers	hidden x inter	Ours	vLLM	Ratio
Qwen3-0.6B	28	1024 x 3072	184.69 tok/s	552.65 tok/s	2.99x
Qwen3-1.7B	28	2048 x 6144	150.50 tok/s	286.42 tok/s	1.90x
Gemma-3-1B-it	26	1152 x 6912	146.43 tok/s	438.09 tok/s	2.99x

Single-stream agrees: our TPOT 13.55 -> 24.09 ms across the two Qwen3 sizes,
vLLM 5.21 -> 12.34 ms/token, ratio 2.60x -> 1.95x.

vLLM's runs capture 51 piecewise + 35 full hipGraphs before their timed
section (visible in its own log), so hipGraph capture demonstrably works on
this board — the mapping is available, we just do not use it.

The evidence that this is launch overhead and not kernel quality

Qwen3-0.6B vs Qwen3-1.7B is a controlled pair: identical layer count (28),
so an identical number of kernel launches per decode step, with roughly 4x
the compute per step (2x hidden, 2x intermediate). Launch overhead is fixed
per step; compute is not. The gap falls 2.99x -> 1.90x. A gap dominated by
kernel quality would not move under that change; a gap dominated by fixed
per-step overhead must.

What this would and would not fix

Fitting ratio = alpha * (1 + L/C) to the two Qwen3 points gives
alpha ~= 1.54x (size-independent: kernel quality, inductor fusion, the
Triton attention path) and a launch term of ~1.45x at 0.6B falling to ~0.36x
at 1.7B. So the realistic outcome is 0.6B 2.99x -> ~1.54x and 1.7B 1.90x ->
~1.54x — a real win, and not parity. A ~1.5x residual from non-launch
causes would remain and is a separate problem.

Two caveats, stated rather than buried: two points fitted with a one-line model
is indicative and not rigorous, and no rocprof trace has been taken on
either side, so this is a calibrated prediction rather than a measured
attribution.

It also does nothing for Gemma-3: there is no Gemma3DecodeGraph on any
backend, CUDA included (grep -rl DecodeGraph returns Qwen3 dense/MoE,
DeepSeek-V2/V4, Voxtral, Laguna). Gemma gains only once that sibling is written
(sweep-gemma.md W7, unclaimed).

Scope

Small, and deliberately so:

• src/vt/rocm/rocm_backend.hip — six virtuals mirroring
  src/vt/cuda/cuda_backend.cu:194-286. Every CUDA call there has a direct HIP
  equivalent (hipStreamBeginCapture, hipGraphInstantiate, hipGraphLaunch,
  hipGraphExecDestroy, ...) — the same near-1:1 correspondence that lets
  upstream compile csrc/ for both through hipify.
• src/vllm/platforms/rocm.cpp — add the support_static_graph_mode()
  override.
• tests/vt/test_rocm_backend.cpp — a RED-first capture/replay case mirroring
  test_cuda_backend.cpp:102-153: capture a d2d copy, replay, then mutate
  the source at the same address and replay again, which is the assertion
  that catches a graph baking a stale pointer.

No model-level edit is needed. Every decode-graph class already gates
generically with no is_cuda() anywhere, so Qwen3 dense/MoE, DeepSeek-V2/V4,
Voxtral and Laguna would pick this up for free.

Worth noting this would also be the second implementation of that seam —
Metal (metal_backend.mm:13) and Vulkan (vulkan_backend.cpp:16) both carry
the same "stays FALSE" note, so vt::Backend's capture abstraction currently
has exactly one implementation and is therefore unproven as an abstraction.
hipGraph is the cheapest available second, since MTLIndirectCommandBuffer and
a pre-recorded VkCommandBuffer are genuinely different models.

Known risk before anyone starts

src/vt/rocm/rocm_matmul_hipblaslt.hip:243-255 (LtWorkspace) calls
hipMalloc/hipFree lazily inside the GEMM call path, growing the
hipBLASLt workspace on demand. Allocation inside a capture region is illegal
and invalidates the capture — CUDA's own contract comment
(cuda_backend.cu:186-190) names exactly this hazard. The decode-graph
pre-warm should grow it to high-water mark first, but that needs verifying
rather than assuming. It fails loudly at hipStreamEndCapture rather than
silently, which is the acceptable direction.

Repro

# ours
./build-hip/examples/vllm-bench --model <Qwen3-1.7B bf16> \
  --num-prompts 8 --input-len 128 --output-len 128 --concurrency 8 --temperature 0

# vLLM-ROCm oracle at pin 555967922, production config
docker run --rm --device=/dev/kfd --device=/dev/dri \
  --security-opt seccomp=unconfined --shm-size=8g \
  -v <model-dir>:/models/m:ro vllm-rocm-oracle:555967922-gfx1200 \
  vllm bench throughput --model /models/m --input-len 128 --output-len 128 \
  --num-prompts 8 --dtype bfloat16 --max-model-len 2048 --gpu-memory-utilization 0.6

The oracle container recipe (rocm/vllm-dev:base + the pinned commit built from
source, ~6.5 min, hipify reports zero unsupported CUDA calls) is in
.agents/specs/rocm-gfx1200-m2-correctness.md.

Numbers above are single runs on a board that also drives a display —
indicative, not the reproduced-idle standard a perf gate requires.

Spec: .agents/specs/rocm-decode-graph.md, which carries the port map, the
RED-first test design with the two mutations that must turn it red, the
pre-registered gate-5 prediction, and a numeric stop threshold fixed in
advance.

Read .agents/specs/rocm-decode-graph.md and compare src/vt/cuda/cuda_backend.cu:194-286 with src/vt/rocm/rocm_backend.hip. Then inspect src/vllm/platforms/rocm.cpp and the RED-first design in tests/vt/test_rocm_backend.cpp, including the hipBLASLt workspace capture risk. Done means the ROCm capture/replay test passes with a mutated source address and static graph mode is enabled.