Markdown emphasis captures before math does

Problem Description

Pdoc appears to keep looking for markdown emphasis tokens * within both inline $...$ and display $$...$$ math. This make starred environments break Pdoc's math rendering, and leads to unrendered math if matched stars do not have surrounding whitespace.

Steps to reproduce the behavior:

For example, this fails to render, and instead produces bare text, missing the stars *, and with emphasized text between the stars. Removing the stars allows this to render correctly as displaymath. VSCode's markdown preview renders both correctly.

$$
\begin{align*}
f(x) &= x^2\\
     &= x \cdot x
\end{align*}
$$

Underscores don't seem to have the same issue, and math renders correctly if there is whitespace around the stars (but that creates other errors in the math renderer, so it can't fix the above issue).

Possibly related, but newlines within displaymath break math rendering, and math newlines \\ are ignored.

System Information

pdoc: 14.1.0
Python: 3.10.12
Platform: Linux-6.2.0-36-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.35

Start by reproducing the issue with the provided display-math snippet on pdoc 14.1.0, then trace the Markdown emphasis and inline/display math parsing paths. Done means starred LaTeX environments and multiline display math render correctly without losing or applying emphasis to math content, with regression coverage for the reported example.