Mechanism to specify input source location to find `package.json` instead of output source location when determining module format

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### 🔎 Search Terms

nodenext, ts2351, construct

### 🕗 Version & Regression Information

- This is the behavior in every version I tried, and I reviewed the FAQ for entries about "A default import of a commonjs module with a default in a esm file doesn't seem to be the default export of that module when module is node16 or nodenext".

### ⏯ Playground Link

N/A

### 💻 Code

```
git clone https://github.com/monsanto/typescript-nodenext-bug
cd typescript-nodenext-bug
npm install
npm run tsc
```

### 🙁 Actual behavior

```
foo/index.ts:6:5 - error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
Type 'typeof import("/typescript-nodenext-bug/.cache/foolib/class")' has no construct signatures.

6 new CBad();
~~~~

Found 1 error.
```

### 🙂 Expected behavior

It succeeds.

### Additional information about the issue

- This issue requires a composite project, `NodeNext`, a package boundary, a default export, and a parent directory with a file package.{json, json5, yaml} without `type`: `module`.
- Please note that import default inside `foo`'s package boundary works.
- One can delete the provided package.json after installing and run `node_modules/typescript/bin/tsc --build tsconfig-base.json` to test without `package.json` present.
- One can see other package extensions trigger the bug by `mv package.json package.yaml` and `pnpm run tsc`.
- This is not a CommonJS project. It doesn't matter that there is a parent `package.json` without it. Node doesn't even read `package.yaml`.
- This is from a real-world monorepo where there is a root pnpm `package.json5` for cross-package scripts.

Cross-ref for #62200

Start with the linked typescript-nodenext-bug reproduction: run npm install and npm run tsc, then inspect tsconfig-base.json and the package.json, package.json5, and package.yaml variants described in the issue. Compare the NodeNext module-format result when the parent package metadata is present or absent; done means the reproduction succeeds without TS2351.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.