SMS verification does not work in multiple apps

Describe the bug
I tried to register within the Play Store apps Tier (com.tier.app) and Jodel (com.tellm.android.app). Both apps showed error messages when trying to send an SMS verification code to my phone number.

Several other apps that don't appear to use a Google service for SMS verification, such as Signal, are able to send SMS verification codes without issue.

To Reproduce
Steps to reproduce the behavior:

1. Start either app (Tier or Jodel)
2. Start registration with your phone number
3. Notice the error message you get after entering the phone number

Expected behavior
The apps should be able to send an SMS verification code and allow me to continue registration. According to #1238, this used to work, even specifically with the Tier app, so this appears to be a bug.

Screenshots
If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.

System
Android Version: 13
Custom ROM: CalyxOS 4.10.0 (with MicroG 0.2.27.223616:39)

Additional context
I am not logged in to a Google account on this phone. I use NetGuard, but it does not seem to block any of the requests of either app.

No source file or test is named in the issue. First reproduce SMS registration with Tier and Jodel on the stated Android/CalyxOS setup, then read issue #1238 for the earlier working behavior and trace the relevant verification flow. Done means both apps can send a verification code and continue registration.