Overhaul of copy effects

This issue was noticed and an attempt to fix started in #10287, but it's connected to a bunch of things so I think a clear definition of scope is needed. Some other previous discussion of the topic in: https://github.com/magefree/mage/issues/9444#issuecomment-1233576579

Currently XMage has a few different ways of implementing copy effects.
* The main continuous effect is `CopyEffect` which is called by various ad-hoc custom one-shot effects, and by `Game::copyPermanent`.
* There's the standard one-shot `CopyPermanentEffect` which uses `Game::copyPermanent`.
* There's `CopyTokenEffect` which is used for flip cards, using tokens to hold their characteristics, and not for actually copying tokens.
* There's `CreateTokenCopyTargetEffect` which does indeed create a token copy of a target. The constructors in that class are a total mess and there are fields for all the possible characteristics that could be adjusted. It uses `CopyTokenFunction` (not to be confused with `CopyTokenEffect`) as the utility class (which has a confusingly named `apply()` method but isn't an `Effect`).
* A `CopyApplier` is used to adjust characteristics, but it is not at all intuitive to use correctly.
* There's `StackObject::createCopyOnStack` which is mostly separate, with its own `StackObjectCopyApplier`, and called directly by effects that copy an object on the stack. (This has good reason to be separate and is not impacted by most of the other weirdness.)
* There's `Game::copyCard` for effects that cast a copy of a card. Thankfully this one doesn't need a CopyApplier yet.

There are a lot of associated bugs because XMage currently doesn't have a good way of getting copiable values. There are workarounds for the special cases of transformed permanents (which have their own issues with a major rework pending in #10385), face-down permanents (also a bunch of messy code), prototype (per #11249, same workaround method as transformed cards) and copies of copies (which are detected by searching through continuous effects e.g. https://github.com/magefree/mage/pull/10287#issuecomment-1526818072). There are other circumstances that are not handled correctly such as Primal Clay (#10661).

The relevant section of the Comprehensive Rules is [707. Copying Objects](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#R707). There's a lot of info there but the most important paragraph is probably this:

> 707.2. When copying an [object](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#object), the [copy](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#copy) acquires the [copiable values](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#copiable_values) of the original [object](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#object)'s [characteristics](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#characteristics) and, for an [object](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#object) on the [stack](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#stack), choices made when casting or activating it ([mode](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#modal_mode), [targets](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#target), the value of [X](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#x), whether it was [kicked](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#kicker_kicked), how it will affect multiple [targets](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#target), and so on). The [copiable values](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#copiable_values) are the values derived from the text printed on the [object](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#object) (that text being [name](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#name), [mana cost](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#mana_cost), [color indicator](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#color_indicator), [card type](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#card_type), [subtype](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#subtype), [supertype](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#supertype), [rules text](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#rules_text), [power](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#power), [toughness](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#toughness), and/or [loyalty](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#loyalty)), as [modified](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#modified) by other [copy](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#copy) [effects](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#effect), by its face-down [status](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#status), and by "as . . . [enters the battlefield](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#enters_the_battlefield)" and "as . . . is turned [face up](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#face_up)" [abilities](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#ability) that set [power](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#power) and [toughness](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#toughness) (and may also set additional [characteristics](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#characteristics)). Other [effects](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#effect) (including [type](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#type)-changing and [text-changing effects](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#text-changing_effect)), [status](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#status), [counters](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#counter), and [stickers](https://yawgatog.com/resources/magic-rules/#sticker) are not copied.

There are various different sorts of copy effects:
* A permanent enters the battlefield as a copy of another permanent (e.g. [[Clone]], [[Clever Impersonator]])
* A permanent on the battlefield becomes a copy of another permanent (e.g. [[Cryptoplasm]], [[Metamorphic Alteration]])
* A token is created that's a copy of a permanent or a card (e.g. [[Quasiduplicate]], [[Back from the Brink]])
* A copy of a spell or ability is created on the stack (e.g. [[Reverberate]], [[Lithoform Engine]])
* A copy of a card is created and cast (e.g. [[Elite Arcanist]], [[Demilich]])
* Any of these may have modifications or exceptions to the copied characteristics per 707.9.

Proposed out of scope:
* Creating a copy of an object on the stack. The existing `createCopyOnStack` method is adequate. There are additional copiable values in this scenario. The Layer 1 effects that need to be accounted for with permanents aren't an issue here.
* Creating a copy of a card in order to cast that copy. The existing `copyCard` method is sufficiently different. The Layer 1 effects aren't an issue here either. So far, none of these effects modify the characteristics of the card.

Remaining scope for rework:
* `CopyPermanentEffect` / `game.copyPermanent` / `CopyEffect`
* CreateTokenCopyTargetEffect

I think the way to handle each of these is to have a `CopiableValues` object, that is initialized with each card, and updated for each permanent as part of the layer process after Layer 1 effects are applied. It should store only the characteristics that are copiable values, and it should have easy methods to adjust those characteristics (either directly or using a CopyApplier). These copy effects should take the CopiableValues object from the card/permanent it's copying, and store a copy of that to initialize and apply its effect.

Start by reading CopyPermanentEffect, Game.copyPermanent, CopyEffect, CreateTokenCopyTargetEffect, CopyApplier, and the layer-processing code described in the issue. Review Comprehensive Rules 707.2 and the linked discussions before defining the design. Done means the remaining permanent and token-copy paths share a clear CopiableValues approach, while stack copies and cast card copies remain out of scope.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.