[BUG] ICE in clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitPromotedScalarExpr(clang::Expr const*, clang::QualType)

## Bug Report: ICE in clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitPromotedScalarExpr(clang::Expr const*, clang::QualType)

Clang crashes when compiling the following C code.

**Compiler**: clang-22 (LLVM 22.1.5, commit 5ea218a153f4d2f815b8244eab3e4b4ba5e00e6c)
**Compilation flags**: -O0
**Platform**: x86_64-linux-gnu
**Component**: frontend

This is a **frontend** crash (reproduces with `-emit-llvm -Xclang -disable-llvm-passes`).

## Reduced Test Case

> Minimized from the original fuzzer-generated input using `creduce`.

```sh
clang -O0 test.c -o /dev/null
```

```c
long double a;
__attribute__((__vector_size__(2 * sizeof(long)))) b;
c() { a / b; }

```

## Crash Output

```
clang-22: /root/compilers/llvm-project-release/llvm/lib/IR/Instructions.cpp:3040: static llvm::CastInst* llvm::CastInst::Create(llvm::Instruction::CastOps, llvm::Value*, llvm::Type*, const llvm::Twine&, llvm::InsertPosition): Assertion \`castIsValid(op, S, Ty) && "Invalid cast!"' failed.
PLEASE submit a bug report to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/ and include the crash backtrace, preprocessed source, and associated run script.
Stack dump:
0\. Program arguments: /root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22 -cc1 -triple x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu -O0 -emit-obj -dumpdir /dev/null- -disable-free -clear-ast-before-backend -main-file-name OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c -mrelocation-model pic -pic-level 2 -pic-is-pie -mframe-pointer=all -fmath-errno -ffp-contract=on -fno-rounding-math -mconstructor-aliases -funwind-tables=2 -target-cpu x86-64 -tune-cpu generic -debugger-tuning=gdb -fdebug-compilation-dir=/root/data -fcoverage-compilation-dir=/root/data -resource-dir /root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/lib/clang/22 -internal-isystem /root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/lib/clang/22/include -internal-isystem /usr/local/include -internal-isystem /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/12/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include -internal-externc-isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu -internal-externc-isystem /include -internal-externc-isystem /usr/include -ferror-limit 19 -fgnuc-version=4.2.1 -fskip-odr-check-in-gmf -faddrsig -fdwarf2-cfi-asm -o /tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-0c695d.o -x c /root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c
1\. /root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c:15:1: current parser token 'extern'
2\. /root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c:10:1: LLVM IR generation of declaration 'b_div'
3\. /root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c:10:1: Generating code for declaration 'b_div'
#0 0x0000561bc8dc72d2 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(llvm::raw_ostream&, int) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x44f62d2)
#1 0x0000561bc8dc3caf llvm::sys::RunSignalHandlers() (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x44f2caf)
#2 0x0000561bc8dc3dfc SignalHandler(int, siginfo_t*, void*) Signals.cpp:0:0
#3 0x00007fa208d24520 (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x42520)
#4 0x00007fa208d78a7c __pthread_kill_implementation ./nptl/./nptl/pthread_kill.c:44:76
#5 0x00007fa208d78a7c __pthread_kill_internal ./nptl/./nptl/pthread_kill.c:78:10
#6 0x00007fa208d78a7c pthread_kill ./nptl/./nptl/pthread_kill.c:89:10
#7 0x00007fa208d24476 gsignal ./signal/../sysdeps/posix/raise.c:27:6
#8 0x00007fa208d0a7f3 abort ./stdlib/./stdlib/abort.c:81:7
#9 0x00007fa208d0a71b _nl_load_domain ./intl/./intl/loadmsgcat.c:1177:9
#10 0x00007fa208d1be96 (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x39e96)
#11 0x0000561bc8651359 (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x3d80359)
#12 0x0000561bc58e2df5 llvm::IRBuilderBase::CreateCast(llvm::Instruction::CastOps, llvm::Value*, llvm::Type*, llvm::Twine const&, llvm::MDNode*, llvm::FMFSource) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x1011df5)
#13 0x0000561bc919fb8b (anonymous namespace)::ScalarExprEmitter::VisitCastExpr(clang::CastExpr*) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#14 0x0000561bc91985da (anonymous namespace)::ScalarExprEmitter::Visit(clang::Expr*) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#15 0x0000561bc91a532e clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitPromotedScalarExpr(clang::Expr const*, clang::QualType) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x48d432e)
#16 0x0000561bc91a5d1b (anonymous namespace)::ScalarExprEmitter::EmitBinOps(clang::BinaryOperator const*, clang::QualType) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#17 0x0000561bc9196448 clang::StmtVisitorBase::Visit(clang::Stmt*) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#18 0x0000561bc91985da (anonymous namespace)::ScalarExprEmitter::Visit(clang::Expr*) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#19 0x0000561bc919f96f (anonymous namespace)::ScalarExprEmitter::VisitCastExpr(clang::CastExpr*) CGExprScalar.cpp:0:0
#20 0x0000561bc919c232 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitScalarExpr(clang::Expr const*, bool) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x48cb232)
#21 0x0000561bc92c6b78 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitReturnStmt(clang::ReturnStmt const&) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x49f5b78)
#22 0x0000561bc92d878b clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitCompoundStmtWithoutScope(clang::CompoundStmt const&, bool, clang::CodeGen::AggValueSlot) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4a0778b)
#23 0x0000561bc93409e3 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::EmitFunctionBody(clang::Stmt const*) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4a6f9e3)
#24 0x0000561bc9355e84 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenFunction::GenerateCode(clang::GlobalDecl, llvm::Function*, clang::CodeGen::CGFunctionInfo const&) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4a84e84)
#25 0x0000561bc93b9f0d clang::CodeGen::CodeGenModule::EmitGlobalFunctionDefinition(clang::GlobalDecl, llvm::GlobalValue*) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4ae8f0d)
#26 0x0000561bc93b4ef5 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenModule::EmitGlobalDefinition(clang::GlobalDecl, llvm::GlobalValue*) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4ae3ef5)
#27 0x0000561bc93b5b83 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenModule::EmitGlobal(clang::GlobalDecl) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4ae4b83)
#28 0x0000561bc93bf807 clang::CodeGen::CodeGenModule::EmitTopLevelDecl(clang::Decl*) (.part.0) CodeGenModule.cpp:0:0
#29 0x0000561bc973bd71 (anonymous namespace)::CodeGeneratorImpl::HandleTopLevelDecl(clang::DeclGroupRef) ModuleBuilder.cpp:0:0
#30 0x0000561bc972ccc1 clang::BackendConsumer::HandleTopLevelDecl(clang::DeclGroupRef) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x4e5bcc1)
#31 0x0000561bcb5d8874 clang::ParseAST(clang::Sema&, bool, bool) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x6d07874)
#32 0x0000561bc9a50987 clang::FrontendAction::Execute() (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x517f987)
#33 0x0000561bc99d80e9 clang::CompilerInstance::ExecuteAction(clang::FrontendAction&) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x51070e9)
#34 0x0000561bc9b4d95e clang::ExecuteCompilerInvocation(clang::CompilerInstance*) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0x527c95e)
#35 0x0000561bc5858657 cc1_main(llvm::ArrayRef, char const*, void*) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0xf87657)
#36 0x0000561bc584d694 ExecuteCC1Tool(llvm::SmallVectorImpl&, llvm::ToolContext const&, llvm::IntrusiveRefCntPtr) driver.cpp:0:0
#37 0x0000561bc5852907 clang_main(int, char**, llvm::ToolContext const&) (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0xf81907)
#38 0x0000561bc57100ea main (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0xe3f0ea)
#39 0x00007fa208d0bd90 __libc_start_call_main ./csu/../sysdeps/nptl/libc_start_call_main.h:58:16
#40 0x00007fa208d0be40 call_init ./csu/../csu/libc-start.c:128:20
#41 0x00007fa208d0be40 __libc_start_main ./csu/../csu/libc-start.c:379:5
#42 0x0000561bc584ccb5 _start (/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22+0xf7bcb5)
clang: error: unable to execute command: Aborted (core dumped)
clang: error: clang frontend command failed due to signal (use -v to see invocation)
clang version 22.1.5 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git 5ea218a153f4d2f815b8244eab3e4b4ba5e00e6c)
Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin
Build config: \+assertions
clang: note: diagnostic msg:
********************
PLEASE ATTACH THE FOLLOWING FILES TO THE BUG REPORT:
Preprocessed source(s) and associated run script(s) are located at:
clang: note: diagnostic msg: /tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.c
clang: note: diagnostic msg: /tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.sh
clang: note: diagnostic msg:
********************
EXIT_CODE: 1
```

## Preprocessed Source & Run Script

**Preprocessed source** (`/tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.c`):

```c
# 1 ""
# 1 "/root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c"
typedef long double a __attribute__((vector_size (16)));
extern a __attribute__((overloadable))
a_div(a first, a second)
{
return first / second;
}

typedef long long b __attribute__((vector_size (16)));
extern b __attribute__((overloadable))
b_div(a first, b second) // error
{
return first / second; // expected-error{{binary '/' operation cannot convert operands of type 'long}}
}

extern a __attribute__((overloadable))
a_mul(a first, a second)
{
return first * second;
}

extern b __attribute__((overloadable))
b_mul(a first, b second) // error
{
return first * second; // expected-error{{binary '*' operation cannot convert operands of type 'long}}
}

extern a __attribute__((overloadable))
a_add(a first, a second)
{
return first + second;
}

```

**Run script** (`/tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.sh`):

```sh
# Crash reproducer for clang version 22.1.5 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git 5ea218a153f4d2f815b8244eab3e4b4ba5e00e6c)
# Driver args: "-O0" "/root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c" "-o" "/dev/null"
# Original command: "/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22" "-cc1" "-triple" "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" "-O0" "-emit-obj" "-dumpdir" "/dev/null-" "-disable-free" "-clear-ast-before-backend" "-main-file-name" "OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c" "-mrelocation-model" "pic" "-pic-level" "2" "-pic-is-pie" "-mframe-pointer=all" "-fmath-errno" "-ffp-contract=on" "-fno-rounding-math" "-mconstructor-aliases" "-funwind-tables=2" "-target-cpu" "x86-64" "-tune-cpu" "generic" "-debugger-tuning=gdb" "-fdebug-compilation-dir=/root/data" "-fcoverage-compilation-dir=/root/data" "-resource-dir" "/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/lib/clang/22" "-internal-isystem" "/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/lib/clang/22/include" "-internal-isystem" "/usr/local/include" "-internal-isystem" "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/12/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include" "-internal-externc-isystem" "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu" "-internal-externc-isystem" "/include" "-internal-externc-isystem" "/usr/include" "-ferror-limit" "19" "-fgnuc-version=4.2.1" "-fskip-odr-check-in-gmf" "-faddrsig" "-fdwarf2-cfi-asm" "-o" "/tmp/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-0c695d.o" "-x" "c" "/root/outputs/experiments-on-metamut/surfuzz,clang,0/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c"
"/root/objects/llvm-project-release.obj/bin/clang-22" "-cc1" "-triple" "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" "-O0" "-emit-obj" "-dumpdir" "/dev/null-" "-disable-free" "-clear-ast-before-backend" "-main-file-name" "OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19.c" "-mrelocation-model" "pic" "-pic-level" "2" "-pic-is-pie" "-mframe-pointer=all" "-fmath-errno" "-ffp-contract=on" "-fno-rounding-math" "-mconstructor-aliases" "-funwind-tables=2" "-target-cpu" "x86-64" "-tune-cpu" "generic" "-debugger-tuning=gdb" "-fdebug-compilation-dir=/root/data" "-fcoverage-compilation-dir=/root/data" "-ferror-limit" "19" "-fgnuc-version=4.2.1" "-fskip-odr-check-in-gmf" "-faddrsig" "-fdwarf2-cfi-asm" "-x" "c" "OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.c"

```

* found via a fuzzer

[OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.c](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29127941/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.c)
[OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.sh](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29127942/OwWSowBWaGdq_surfuzz_19-c85308.sh)

Start by running the reduced C reproducer with clang -O0 and inspect the stack entry in CGExprScalar.cpp, especially CodeGenFunction::EmitPromotedScalarExpr. Trace the vector and long-double division path shown in the report. Done means the reproducer no longer triggers the LLVM Invalid cast assertion and the failure is covered by a regression test.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.