[clang] Clang crashes when parsing invalid typedef with overloaded operator syntax and unnamed class type

```c++
typedef(( operator | <> ) ) ( class { private : });
```

See Compiler Explorer: [https://godbolt.org/z/7oYbzj55e](https://godbolt.org/z/7oYbzj55e)

Start by reproducing the crash with the C++ snippet in the issue, using the linked Compiler Explorer example as a reference. Trace the parsing path for the invalid typedef, then verify that the same input no longer crashes and is covered by regression testing.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.