Clang crashes in SelectionDAG when asm goto has invalid 'i' constraint

### Link for quick verification: https://godbolt.org/z/qcKEY18sh
```c
int foo(int i) {
int x = 0;
int y = 1;

// Using inline asm goto that jumps to 'lab1'
asm volatile goto(
"mov %c[i], %[x];\n\t" // Move 'i' into variable 'x'
: [x] "+r" (x)
: [i] "i" (i)
:
: lab1
);

lab1:

}
```
Goes back to `clang 17.0.1 (assertions)`
This crash is somewhat similar to issue [170100](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/170100), involving code that uses asm goto.

## Stack dump
```
0. Program arguments: /opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang++ -g -o /app/output.s -mllvm --x86-asm-syntax=intel -fno-verbose-asm -S --gcc-toolchain=/opt/compiler-explorer/gcc-snapshot -fcolor-diagnostics -fno-crash-diagnostics
1. parser at end of file
2. Code generation
3. Running pass 'Function Pass Manager' on module ''.
4. Running pass 'X86 DAG->DAG Instruction Selection' on function '@_Z3fooi'
#0 0x0000000003d10978 llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(llvm::raw_ostream&, int) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x3d10978)
#1 0x0000000003d0e34c llvm::sys::CleanupOnSignal(unsigned long) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x3d0e34c)
#2 0x0000000003c552d8 CrashRecoverySignalHandler(int) CrashRecoveryContext.cpp:0:0
#3 0x00007a8f49e42520 (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x42520)
#4 0x0000000005176d31 llvm::SelectionDAGBuilder::visitCallBrLandingPad(llvm::CallInst const&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x5176d31)
#5 0x00000000051a38e9 llvm::SelectionDAGBuilder::visitIntrinsicCall(llvm::CallInst const&, unsigned int) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x51a38e9)
#6 0x00000000051a885b llvm::SelectionDAGBuilder::visitCall(llvm::CallInst const&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x51a885b)
#7 0x00000000051be22c llvm::SelectionDAGBuilder::visit(llvm::Instruction const&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x51be22c)
#8 0x000000000523e424 llvm::SelectionDAGISel::SelectBasicBlock(llvm::ilist_iterator_w_bits, false, true>, llvm::ilist_iterator_w_bits, false, true>, bool&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x523e424)
#9 0x000000000523fd9e llvm::SelectionDAGISel::SelectAllBasicBlocks(llvm::Function const&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x523fd9e)
#10 0x00000000052416e5 llvm::SelectionDAGISel::runOnMachineFunction(llvm::MachineFunction&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x52416e5)
#11 0x0000000005230381 llvm::SelectionDAGISelLegacy::runOnMachineFunction(llvm::MachineFunction&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x5230381)
#12 0x000000000310bbcd llvm::MachineFunctionPass::runOnFunction(llvm::Function&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x310bbcd)
#13 0x000000000366dfc2 llvm::FPPassManager::runOnFunction(llvm::Function&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x366dfc2)
#14 0x000000000366e251 llvm::FPPassManager::runOnModule(llvm::Module&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x366e251)
#15 0x000000000366fac7 llvm::legacy::PassManagerImpl::run(llvm::Module&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x366fac7)
#16 0x0000000003fa69bb clang::emitBackendOutput(clang::CompilerInstance&, clang::CodeGenOptions&, llvm::StringRef, llvm::Module*, clang::BackendAction, llvm::IntrusiveRefCntPtr, std::unique_ptr>, clang::BackendConsumer*) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x3fa69bb)
#17 0x00000000045d9b2b clang::BackendConsumer::HandleTranslationUnit(clang::ASTContext&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x45d9b2b)
#18 0x00000000062235bc clang::ParseAST(clang::Sema&, bool, bool) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x62235bc)
#19 0x00000000045da685 clang::CodeGenAction::ExecuteAction() (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x45da685)
#20 0x00000000048ea59a clang::FrontendAction::Execute() (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x48ea59a)
#21 0x00000000048684eb clang::CompilerInstance::ExecuteAction(clang::FrontendAction&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x48684eb)
#22 0x00000000049e071b clang::ExecuteCompilerInvocation(clang::CompilerInstance*) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x49e071b)
#23 0x0000000000dccd85 cc1_main(llvm::ArrayRef, char const*, void*) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0xdccd85)
#24 0x0000000000dc4b7b ExecuteCC1Tool(llvm::SmallVectorImpl&, llvm::ToolContext const&, llvm::IntrusiveRefCntPtr) driver.cpp:0:0
#25 0x0000000000dc4c1d int llvm::function_ref&)>::callback_fn&)>(long, llvm::SmallVectorImpl&) driver.cpp:0:0
#26 0x0000000004654e19 void llvm::function_ref::callback_fn>, std::__cxx11::basic_string, std::allocator>*, bool*) const::'lambda'()>(long) Job.cpp:0:0
#27 0x0000000003c556f3 llvm::CrashRecoveryContext::RunSafely(llvm::function_ref) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x3c556f3)
#28 0x0000000004655039 clang::driver::CC1Command::Execute(llvm::ArrayRef>, std::__cxx11::basic_string, std::allocator>*, bool*) const (.part.0) Job.cpp:0:0
#29 0x0000000004617ae2 clang::driver::Compilation::ExecuteCommand(clang::driver::Command const&, clang::driver::Command const*&, bool) const (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x4617ae2)
#30 0x00000000046189c1 clang::driver::Compilation::ExecuteJobs(clang::driver::JobList const&, llvm::SmallVectorImpl>&, bool) const (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x46189c1)
#31 0x00000000046214ac clang::driver::Driver::ExecuteCompilation(clang::driver::Compilation&, llvm::SmallVectorImpl>&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0x46214ac)
#32 0x0000000000dc9649 clang_main(int, char**, llvm::ToolContext const&) (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0xdc9649)
#33 0x0000000000c7ac34 main (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0xc7ac34)
#34 0x00007a8f49e29d90 (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29d90)
#35 0x00007a8f49e29e40 __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29e40)
#36 0x0000000000dc4615 _start (/opt/compiler-explorer/clang-trunk/bin/clang+++0xdc4615)
clang++: error: clang frontend command failed with exit code 139 (use -v to see invocation)
Compiler returned: 139
```

Reproduce the crash with the minimal C example and the linked Compiler Explorer case, then start at llvm::SelectionDAGBuilder::visitCallBrLandingPad in the stack trace. Trace how the invalid 'i' constraint reaches X86 DAG instruction selection; done means the input no longer crashes Clang and the regression is covered by an appropriate test.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.