Support https URLs for Azure object storage

In our downstream repo we are supporting https to specify Azure storage like in this commit:

https://github.com/rerun-io/lance/commit/471b6a70085646668d30eaf6daf808875fbd51bc

The reason for this is that the official supported URL formatting for Azure uses https as described in this document:

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/naming-and-referencing-containers--blobs--and-metadata

This is problematic because if we did upstream this commit it would not work for any other custom storage that uses https URLs and is not very future proof.

I am not sure if the correct way forward is one of:

1. Add https just for Azure
2. Do not support the official URL type for Azure and expect downstream users to switch URLs to az
3. Add support for further processing of URLs, to do something like when it is https to check for host patterns like *.blob.core.windows.net or similar

Start by reviewing the downstream commit 471b6a70085646668d30eaf6daf808875fbd51bc and the existing Azure storage URL handling. Check the official Azure URL format in the linked Microsoft documentation, then determine how support for https can avoid changing behavior for unrelated custom storage URLs. Done means the chosen approach supports official Azure https URLs without breaking other https-based storage.