Case Study: C++ Thread-Safety Concurrency

Getting briefly talked about in the last PR.

The plan is to begin to investigate a case for implementing a solution for concurrency that is compatible with the API of the tb_client library.

**Note:** The latest commit, C++ version has been downgraded to 14. It is not necessary to have the latest version for a proposal.
However, nothing prohibits a better implementation!

https://github.com/kassane/tb-client-cpp/pull/2#issuecomment-1555161066
>I think C++ could follow the same strategy we have with Java/C# clients, exposing both async and blocking APIs.
An idiomatic C++ API could provide an async API by exposing a high-level callback/lambda, or even explore modern C++ async (is that a use case for [promises](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise)?).

cc: @batiati @kprotty

**Reference**
- [Writing High-Performance Clients for Tigerbeetle](https://tigerbeetle.com/blog/2023-02-21-writing-high-performance-clients-for-tigerbeetle/)