Algo/segmented_sieve_of_eratosthenes [C++]

#### This issue is about [Algo/DS Name](link to resource for the Algo/DS).

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes#Segmented_sieve

- [x] Issue Title is in form `Algo/DS Name [Language]`.
- [x] I searched or browsed the repo’s other issues to ensure this is not a duplicate.
- [x] This Algo/DS is worth adding to this repository.
- [x] Assign this issue to me (I want to work on this).
- [x] I ensure that I am not already assigned to 2 or more issues.
- [x] I will send my PR only after I'm assigned to this issue by any maintainer.
- [x] I understand that I will be unassigned from this issue if I fail to send a PR for this within a week.

Start with the Segmented sieve reference linked in the issue, then inspect the repository's existing algorithm and C++ entry layout to find where this implementation belongs. Add the segmented sieve algorithm in the repository's established style and verify that the implementation matches the referenced behavior.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.