Investigate "ReSBM: Region-based Scale and Minimal-Level Bootstrapping Management for FHE via Min-Cut"

> In this paper, we present ReSBM, a novel compiler technique that simultaneously optimizes scale and bootstrapping for encrypted inference under RNS-CKKS. By partitioning a program's data flow graph (DFG) into regions with a uniform multiplicative depth of one, RESBM ensures that placements of Scale Management Operations (SMOs) and bootstraps affect only the latency of a region, not the scales and levels of its live-out ciphertexts. Our region-based approach tackles the NP-hard challenge of optimal bootstrapping placement with hierarchical strategies: (1) optimal intra-region SMO and bootstrapping placement using min-cut, (2) bootstrapping-guided rescaling region identification across a sequence of regions, culminating in tentative bootstrapping at two terminal regions, and (3) minimal-level bootstrap placement across the DFG, elevating ciphertexts only to the necessary minimal level. Validation across a variety of complex models on CPUs shows that ReSBM not only compiles these models more rapidly than a leading method but also boosts encrypted inference efficiency by an average of 12.1% when compared to another leading method. Consequently, ReSBM substantially improves the practical deployment of large models for encrypted inference, surpassing existing methods in terms of both compilation speed and inference performance.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3669940.3707276

Note the connection with #1218