Android sample gltf-viewer crashed when using multiple instances

⚠️ **Issues not using this template will be systematically closed.**

**Describe the bug**
Android crashes when rendering using multiple engine instances. I tested and verified some of the machines based on 1.38.0 version, mobile phones such as vivo S17 Pro, vivo S15 Pro crash. mobile phones such as vivo S17t, vivo S15, vivo X90 Pro no crash and normal operation.

**To Reproduce**
Steps to reproduce the behavior:
1. create multiple ModelViewer
2. bind each ModelViewer to a SurfaceView
3. run in the Android device above

**Expected behavior**
multiple instances can run normally.

**Screenshots**

**Logs**
the complete log has been added to the attachment
[log.txt](https://github.com/google/filament/files/13173050/log.txt)

10-26 12:45:01.594 21182 21227 I libc : debuggerd signal invoked signal:11
10-26 12:45:01.594 21182 21227 I libc : debuggerd requestDump:0 NO_NEW_PRIVS:0
--------- beginning of crash
10-26 12:45:01.594 21182 21227 F libc : Fatal signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 2 (SEGV_ACCERR), fault addr 0x7c3ace1d30 in tid 21227 (mali-cpu-comman), pid 21182 (.filament.gltf2)
10-26 12:45:01.595 21182 21227 I libc : clone child process pid:21254
10-26 12:45:01.596 21182 21227 I libc : debuggerd pseudothread crash_process: 21227
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Softversion: PD2284_A_*********.W10.V000L1
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Time: 2023-10-26 12:45:01
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Build fingerprint: 'vivo/PD2284/PD2284:13/TP1A.220624.014/compiler08221110:user/release-keys'
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Revision: '0'
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : ABI: 'arm64'
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Timestamp: 2023-10-26 12:45:01.670618401+0800
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Process uptime: 3s
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : Cmdline: com.google.android.filament.gltf2
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : pid: 21182, tid: 21227, name: mali-cpu-comman >>> com.google.android.filament.gltf2 <<<
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : uid: 10292
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : tagged_addr_ctrl: 0000000000000001 (PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE)
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 2 (SEGV_ACCERR), fault addr 0x0000007c3ace1d30
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x0 b400007ceaaf62d0 x1 0000000000000000 x2 0000007c3ace4790 x3 0000007b63356b18
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x4 0000000000000048 x5 0000000000000000 x6 0000000000000000 x7 0000e33a0000dfce
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x8 b400007c3ace1d30 x9 0000000000000160 x10 0000000000000060 x11 0000000000000010
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x12 0000000000000001 x13 0000000000000080 x14 0000000000000000 x15 0000000000000001
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x16 0000007bbf2859b8 x17 0000007e8d567f80 x18 0000007b58616000 x19 b400007c9aa15500
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x20 b400007c9aa154f0 x21 b400007ceaaf62c0 x22 0000000000000001 x23 0000000000000001
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x24 b400007ceaaf6160 x25 0000007b63356cb0 x26 0000007b63356ff8 x27 0000007b6a2fe000
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : x28 0000000000000002 x29 0000007b63356c50
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : lr 0000007bbe5b14a0 sp 0000007b63356b80 pc 0000007c3ace1d30 pst 0000000080001000
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : backtrace:
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #00 pc 00000000000a1d30 [anon:scudo:primary]
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #01 pc 000000000175e49c /vendor/lib64/egl/mt6895/libGLES_mali.so (BuildId: c7abf1eb1bf27a24)
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #02 pc 000000000175ce38 /vendor/lib64/egl/mt6895/libGLES_mali.so (BuildId: c7abf1eb1bf27a24)
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #03 pc 000000000175cd38 /vendor/lib64/egl/mt6895/libGLES_mali.so (BuildId: c7abf1eb1bf27a24)
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #04 pc 0000000000108b80 /apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so (__pthread_start(void*)+224) (BuildId: cfc293be733954571ce0dc79a9917039)
10-26 12:45:01.988 21256 21256 F DEBUG : #05 pc 000000000009bf60 /apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so (__start_thread+64) (BuildId: cfc293be733954571ce0dc79a9917039)

**Smartphone (please complete the following information):**
- Device: vivo S17 Pro, vivo S15Pro
- OS: Android 13, Android 12
- Platform: MT6896, MT6895T

**Additional context**
sample code：
layout:

java:
/*
* Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/

package com.google.android.filament.gltf2

import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import android.app.Activity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.util.Log
import android.view.*
import com.google.android.filament.Engine
import com.google.android.filament.Fence
import com.google.android.filament.IndirectLight
import com.google.android.filament.Scene
import com.google.android.filament.Skybox
import com.google.android.filament.View
import com.google.android.filament.utils.*
import java.nio.ByteBuffer

class MainActivityMultiInstance : Activity() {

companion object {
// Load the library for the utility layer, which in turn loads gltfio and the Filament core.
init { Utils.init() }
private const val TAG = "gltf-viewer"
}

private lateinit var surfaceView: SurfaceView
private lateinit var choreographer: Choreographer
private val frameScheduler = FrameCallback()
private lateinit var modelViewer: ModelViewer

private lateinit var surfaceView2: SurfaceView
private lateinit var choreographer2: Choreographer
private val frameScheduler2 = FrameCallback2()
private lateinit var modelViewer2: ModelViewer

@SuppressLint("ClickableViewAccessibility")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.simple_layout_multi_instance)
window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON)

surfaceView = findViewById(R.id.main_sv)
choreographer = Choreographer.getInstance()
modelViewer = ModelViewer(surfaceView)
surfaceView.setOnTouchListener { _, event ->
modelViewer.onTouchEvent(event)
true
}
createDefaultRenderables(modelViewer)
createIndirectLight(modelViewer)
setViewOptions(modelViewer)

surfaceView2 = findViewById(R.id.main_sv2)
choreographer2 = Choreographer.getInstance()
modelViewer2 = ModelViewer(surfaceView2)
surfaceView2.setOnTouchListener { _, event ->
modelViewer2.onTouchEvent(event)
true
}
createDefaultRenderables(modelViewer2)
createIndirectLight(modelViewer2)
setViewOptions(modelViewer2)
}

private fun setViewOptions(modelViewer: ModelViewer){
val view = modelViewer.view

// on mobile, better use lower quality color buffer
view.renderQuality = view.renderQuality.apply {
hdrColorBuffer = View.QualityLevel.MEDIUM
}

// dynamic resolution often helps a lot
view.dynamicResolutionOptions = view.dynamicResolutionOptions.apply {
enabled = true
quality = View.QualityLevel.MEDIUM
}

// MSAA is needed with dynamic resolution MEDIUM
view.multiSampleAntiAliasingOptions = view.multiSampleAntiAliasingOptions.apply {
enabled = true
}

// FXAA is pretty cheap and helps a lot
view.antiAliasing = View.AntiAliasing.FXAA

// ambient occlusion is the cheapest effect that adds a lot of quality
view.ambientOcclusionOptions = view.ambientOcclusionOptions.apply {
enabled = true
}

// bloom is pretty expensive but adds a fair amount of realism
view.bloomOptions = view.bloomOptions.apply {
enabled = true
}
}

private fun createDefaultRenderables(modelViewer: ModelViewer) {
val buffer = assets.open("models/scene.gltf").use { input ->
val bytes = ByteArray(input.available())
input.read(bytes)
ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)
}

modelViewer.loadModelGltfAsync(buffer) { uri -> readCompressedAsset("models/$uri") }
updateRootTransform(modelViewer)
}

private fun createIndirectLight(modelViewer: ModelViewer) {
val engine = modelViewer.engine
val scene = modelViewer.scene
val ibl = "default_env"
readCompressedAsset("envs/$ibl/${ibl}_ibl.ktx").let {
scene.indirectLight = KTX1Loader.createIndirectLight(engine, it)
scene.indirectLight!!.intensity = 30_000.0f
}
readCompressedAsset("envs/$ibl/${ibl}_skybox.ktx").let {
scene.skybox = KTX1Loader.createSkybox(engine, it)
}
}

private fun readCompressedAsset(assetName: String): ByteBuffer {
val input = assets.open(assetName)
val bytes = ByteArray(input.available())
input.read(bytes)
return ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)
}

override fun onResume() {
super.onResume()
choreographer.postFrameCallback(frameScheduler)
choreographer2.postFrameCallback(frameScheduler2)
}

override fun onPause() {
super.onPause()
choreographer.removeFrameCallback(frameScheduler)
choreographer2.removeFrameCallback(frameScheduler2)
}

override fun onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy()
choreographer.removeFrameCallback(frameScheduler)
choreographer2.removeFrameCallback(frameScheduler2)
}

private fun updateRootTransform(modelViewer: ModelViewer) {
modelViewer.transformToUnitCube()
}

inner class FrameCallback : Choreographer.FrameCallback {
private val startTime = System.nanoTime()
override fun doFrame(frameTimeNanos: Long) {
choreographer.postFrameCallback(this)

modelViewer.animator?.apply {
if (animationCount > 0) {
val elapsedTimeSeconds = (frameTimeNanos - startTime).toDouble() / 1_000_000_000
applyAnimation(0, elapsedTimeSeconds.toFloat())
}
updateBoneMatrices()
}

modelViewer.render(frameTimeNanos)
}
}

inner class FrameCallback2 : Choreographer.FrameCallback {
private val startTime = System.nanoTime()
override fun doFrame(frameTimeNanos: Long) {
choreographer2.postFrameCallback(this)

modelViewer2.animator?.apply {
if (animationCount > 0) {
val elapsedTimeSeconds = (frameTimeNanos - startTime).toDouble() / 1_000_000_000
applyAnimation(0, elapsedTimeSeconds.toFloat())
}
updateBoneMatrices()
}

modelViewer2.render(frameTimeNanos)
}
}
}

Start with the MainActivityMultiInstance sample and its simple_layout_multi_instance layout, focusing on the two ModelViewer instances, SurfaceViews, and Engine setup. Reproduce the SIGSEGV on the listed vivo devices and compare behavior with the devices that work. Done means multiple instances render normally without the device-specific crash.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.