2.40.0: Exception thrown when a check is disabled through an alternate name and `-XepPatchCheck:` is set

This is an issue similar to https://github.com/google/error-prone/issues/3908, which was fixed by https://github.com/google/error-prone/pull/4028, but specific to disabling a check through an alternate name.

I've built a reproducing test in https://github.com/google/error-prone/pull/5169, along with a description of the issue, which I'll copy over below.
=====
The aforementioned bug flagged that Error-prone was throwing an exception when patching checks that are disabled.

This was later fixed by https://github.com/google/error-prone/pull/4028.

However, this still fails when the check is disabled through an alternate name. Disabling it works fine in isolation, but it throws an exception when called with `-XepPatchChecks:`. It works fine if you use the main check name instead.

Below is an example such exception (reproduced with the `[InsecureCryptoUsage](https://github.com/google/error-prone/blob/4384ed81ed0b639307292bf5b12f820e8cfdd419/core/src/main/java/com/google/errorprone/bugpatterns/InsecureCipherMode.java)` check)
```
error: An unhandled exception was thrown by the Error Prone static analysis plugin.
KeyFactory.getInstance(Algorithm.RSA.toString());
^
Please report this at https://github.com/google/error-prone/issues/new and include the following:

error-prone version: 2.40.0
BugPattern: InsecureCryptoUsage
Stack Trace:
java.util.NoSuchElementException: No value present
at java.base/java.util.Optional.get(Optional.java:143)
at com.google.errorprone.matchers.Description.severity(Description.java:78)
at com.google.errorprone.ErrorProneAnalyzer.lambda$finished$3(ErrorProneAnalyzer.java:213)
at com.google.errorprone.VisitorState.reportMatch(VisitorState.java:302)
at com.google.errorprone.scanner.Scanner.reportMatch(Scanner.java:126)
at com.google.errorprone.scanner.ErrorProneScanner.processMatchers(ErrorProneScanner.java:508)
at com.google.errorprone.scanner.ErrorProneScanner.visitMethodInvocation(ErrorProneScanner.java:824)
at com.google.errorprone.scanner.ErrorProneScanner.visitMethodInvocation(ErrorProneScanner.java:170)
at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree$JCMethodInvocation.accept(JCTree.java:1813)

```
Side-note: The `InsecureCryptoUsage` check is a bit of an oddball in that its class name (`InsecureCipherMode`) [is the _alternate_ check name](https://github.com/google/error-prone/blob/4384ed81ed0b639307292bf5b12f820e8cfdd419/core/src/main/java/com/google/errorprone/bugpatterns/InsecureCipherMode.java#L37), not the main one, which makes it more intuitive to disable with the alternate name.