ci: deb package ci script

Qoute from #293 by @gierens:
> At the moment this script is afaik also not tested by CI, although that actually might be a good idea. Similar to the `apt_installation` workflow we could make one that runs this script in a Ubuntu container and then attempts to install the resulting `.deb` file. @9glenda if you want you could make a PR for that, should be very similar to the `apt_installation` workflow ... just a checkout, installing the dpkg toolchain and lintian, then this script, and a `sudo dpkg -i` with the resulting amd64 deb. This workflow should then run

I will create a PR addressing this issue soon.