Key Collector component bugged when timeout is enabled

### The problem

I'm using one of those cheap membrane matrix keypads that you can find on amazon, with the following config:

```
matrix_keypad:
id: keypad1
rows:
- pin: 27
- pin: 26
- pin: 25
- pin: 33
columns:
- pin: 32
- pin: 35
- pin: 34
keys: "123456789*0#"
has_diodes: false

key_collector:
- id: pincode_reader
source_id: keypad1
min_length: 6
max_length: 6
end_keys: "#"
end_key_required: true
clear_keys: "*"
allowed_keys: "0123456789"
timeout: 60s
on_progress:
- logger.log:
format: "input progress: '%s', started by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)" ]
on_result:
- logger.log:
format: "input result: '%s', started by '%c', ended by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)", "(end == 0 ? '~' : end)" ]
on_timeout:
- logger.log:
format: "input timeout: '%s', started by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)" ]
```

Which is almost the same exact config found on the documentation.

The issue is with the key collector, for some reason, whenever I enable a timeout, I get a stream of phantom keystrokes:

```
[14:42:24][D][matrix_keypad:081]: key @ row 1, col 1 pressed
[14:42:24][D][matrix_keypad:086]: key '5' pressed
[14:42:24][D][main:613]: input progress: '555555', started by '~'
[14:42:25][D][matrix_keypad:058]: key @ row 1, col 1 released
[14:42:25][D][matrix_keypad:063]: key '5' released
```

The phantom keystrokes only come from Row 1, Col 1, which is number 5.

Removing the timeout in the Key Collector configuration completely solves the issue.
I also tried with several different timeout values, but the problem seems to not be related with the duration, but rather with the presence of any timeout at all.

### Which version of ESPHome has the issue?

2023.12.7

### What type of installation are you using?

Home Assistant Add-on

### Which version of Home Assistant has the issue?

Core 2024.1.3, Supervisor 2023.12.1

### What platform are you using?

ESP32

### Board

ESP-WROOM-32

### Component causing the issue

key_collector

### Example YAML snippet

```yaml
matrix_keypad:
id: keypad1
rows:
- pin: 27
- pin: 26
- pin: 25
- pin: 33
columns:
- pin: 32
- pin: 35
- pin: 34
keys: "123456789*0#"
has_diodes: false

key_collector:
- id: pincode_reader
source_id: keypad1
min_length: 6
max_length: 6
end_keys: "#"
end_key_required: true
clear_keys: "*"
allowed_keys: "0123456789"
timeout: 60s
on_progress:
- logger.log:
format: "input progress: '%s', started by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)" ]
on_result:
- logger.log:
format: "input result: '%s', started by '%c', ended by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)", "(end == 0 ? '~' : end)" ]
on_timeout:
- logger.log:
format: "input timeout: '%s', started by '%c'"
args: [ 'x.c_str()', "(start == 0 ? '~' : start)" ]
```

### Anything in the logs that might be useful for us?

```txt
[14:46:41][D][text_sensor:064]: 'NGB2 Online': Sending state 'online'
[14:46:41][D][matrix_keypad:081]: key @ row 1, col 1 pressed
[14:46:41][D][matrix_keypad:086]: key '5' pressed
[14:46:41][D][main:613]: input progress: '555555', started by '~'
[14:46:41][D][matrix_keypad:058]: key @ row 1, col 1 released
[14:46:41][D][matrix_keypad:063]: key '5' released
[14:46:43][D][matrix_keypad:081]: key @ row 1, col 1 pressed
[14:46:43][D][matrix_keypad:086]: key '5' pressed
[14:46:43][D][main:613]: input progress: '555555', started by '~'
[14:46:44][D][matrix_keypad:058]: key @ row 1, col 1 released
[14:46:44][D][matrix_keypad:063]: key '5' released
[14:46:45][D][matrix_keypad:081]: key @ row 1, col 1 pressed
[14:46:45][D][matrix_keypad:086]: key '5' pressed
[14:46:45][D][main:613]: input progress: '555555', started by '~'
[14:46:46][D][matrix_keypad:058]: key @ row 1, col 1 released
[14:46:46][D][matrix_keypad:063]: key '5' released
[14:47:09][D][matrix_keypad:081]: key @ row 1, col 1 pressed
[14:47:09][D][matrix_keypad:086]: key '5' pressed
[14:47:09][D][main:613]: input progress: '555555', started by '~'
[14:47:09][D][matrix_keypad:058]: key @ row 1, col 1 released
[14:47:09][D][matrix_keypad:063]: key '5' released
```

### Additional information

_No response_

Start with the key_collector and matrix_keypad component implementations, using the supplied YAML configuration on an ESP32. Compare behavior with timeout omitted and enabled, and use the reported row 1, column 1 logs to narrow the cause. Done means timeout no longer produces phantom keypresses while normal keypad input and timeout handling still work.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.