Si7051 temperature (+/- 0.1 C accuracy) sensor support

**Describe the problem you have/What new integration you would like**

I would like having support for Si7051 temperature sensor in ESPhome.

**Please describe your use case for this integration and alternatives you've tried:**

I want a high precision calibrated temperature sensor at low cost that I can use to calibrate my cheaper sensors. I want to try this sensor to get better accuracy than current available alternatives.

**Additional context**

There is an arduino library for this I2C sensor. Maybe it can be used when developing for esphome. https://github.com/closedcube/ClosedCube_Si7051_Arduino
Data sheet: https://www.silabs.com/documents/public/data-sheets/Si7050-1-3-4-5-A20.pdf
I plan to buy a couple of ClosedCube Si7051 breakout sensors for testing.

Start with the ClosedCube_Si7051_Arduino library and the Si7050-1-3-4-5-A20.pdf data sheet linked in the issue to understand the sensor interface and calibration behavior. Done means ESPHome supports the Si7051 temperature sensor and the implementation can be tested with the planned ClosedCube breakout sensors.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.