Develop a configuration package feature to prevent recompiling for identical devices

**Describe the problem you have/What new integration you would like**

It would be very handy if esphome treated identical devices as one compile job and then just the differentiating configuration added to the upload.

**Please describe your use case for this integration and alternatives you've tried:**

Updating my set of room sensors does 8 compile jobs when it could compile once and send 8 different configurations with the binary. This makes updates a long process which means I sometimes put it off when that is probably not what I should be doing.
I may have missed something but I can not work out how to do this based on the documents I have read so far. I know on ESP32 it could partition and use a separate partition to store a configuration store, but that may impact other platforms.

**Additional context**

Start by reviewing ESPHome's configuration compilation and upload flow, then investigate the ESP32 partition-based configuration-store approach mentioned in the request and how it could affect other platforms. Done means identical device configurations share one compile job while each device still receives its differentiating configuration during upload.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.