Add more variables types custom API Actions

**Describe the problem you have/What new integration you would like**

Actually the user defined action only allow int, string, float and booleans types (and array versions) while HA has a lot of selectors with differents usages (int, floats, colors, durations, selects...)

**Please describe your use case for this integration and alternatives you've tried:**

ESPHome should support add context to variables definition to allow HA represent them with a better selector and get easier actions

**Additional context**

For more easy transaction, the types in ESPHome could be the same, but mapped from the selector. For example, a dropdown with options that map the value to int, or a color with is mapped to int array.

The request concerns custom API action variables and mapping ESPHome values to richer Home Assistant selectors, but it names no files, tests, or entry points. Start by locating the existing custom action variable type definitions and determine the required selector context and value mappings; done means the supported types and mappings are specified and usable by Home Assistant.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.