TM1638: Add support for 10 digit common anode displays

**Describe the problem you have/What new integration you would like**

I have a clock using a TM1638 to drive 10 7-segment digits to display time and date. I would like to be able to use this with ESPHome. This is a usecase also described in the ICs datasheet so it would add to the support for this cheap chip.

**Please describe your use case for this integration and alternatives you've tried:**

It would be possible to use devices that have a 10 digit display with ESPHome. I got it running with arduino through a lot of trial and error but I was not able to find out how to do the same for ESPHome.

**Additional context**

I adapted a driver for arduino a while ago to support this usecase. The code for that can be found at https://gist.github.com/Qeteshpony/7509e7c3c2acfd19f5fb7bdb90daae49

The issue names no repository files or tests. Start with the linked Arduino driver and the TM1638 datasheet, then compare them with ESPHome's existing integration entry points; done means ESPHome supports 10-digit common-anode TM1638 displays for the described clock use case.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.