Further work to support C++ Exceptions

### Basic Infos

- [x] This issue complies with the [issue POLICY doc](https://github.com/esp8266/Arduino/blob/master/POLICY.md).
- [x] I have read the documentation at [readthedocs](https://arduino-esp8266.readthedocs.io/en/latest) and the issue is not addressed there.
- [x] I have tested that the issue is present in current master branch (aka latest git).
- [x] I have searched the issue tracker for a similar issue.
- [x] If there is a stack dump, I have decoded it.
- [x] I have filled out all fields below.

#### Platform

- Hardware: All
- Core Version: >= 5.2.0-beta3
- Development Env: All
- Operating System: All

### Settings in IDE

- Module: All
-Exceptions: Enabled

### Problem Description

C++ Exceptions are now implemented. However, they are disabled by default. Enabling Exceptions increases bin size by a huge amount, up to 200KB depending on the application and libs linked in. This issue is meant to track further work to mitigate that.
- Investigate the reason for the big bin size increase
- Add noexcept to functions that can't throw
- figure out other ways to reduce bin size, if at all possible

Related to #1351