Red shield for messages "encrypted by a deleted device" only on Android not on Web/Desktop

### Steps to reproduce

I am in an encrypted room and it seems that most people with the latest Android app see a red shield for the messages sent by a specific sender. Checking the details (long press on a message) shows "Encrypted by a deleted device".

This does not happen on Element Web or Desktop.

We will send multiple rageshakes.

EDIT: the client sending the messages causing this sees a "Failed to send logs: No connected database" when rageshaking.
EDIT2: they managed to rageshake after a restart of the app, the red shield are still there.

### Outcome

#### What did you expect?
No red shields since all the sessions are verified.

#### What happened instead?
Red shield.

### Your phone model

_No response_

### Operating system version

_No response_

### Application version and app store

_No response_

### Homeserver

_No response_

### Will you send logs?

Yes

### Are you willing to provide a PR?

No