Improvement: Run C++ tests with the hardned version of the standard library (libc++)

### What

A lot of functions of the C++ standard library have preconditions in the form of "Requires:" clause. If such requirements are not fulfilled, that is undefined behavior.
However, standard libraries provide modes that are not enabled by default that allow to detect when some of these requirements are violated.

### How

_No response_

### Estimates for realization

_No response_

### Category

- [ ] Affects Detailed Design

### Requirements / Architecture

- [x] Requirements / Architecture are not affected by this change?

No files or tests are named in the issue. Start by locating the C++ test and build configuration, then identify how to enable libc++'s hardened standard-library checks. Done means the C++ tests run with that mode enabled and violations are detected; verify the resulting test run.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.