Improvement: Run C++ tests with the hardned version of the standard library (libstdc++)

### What

A lot of functions of the C++ standard library have preconditions in the form of "Requires:" clause. If such requirements are not fulfilled, that is undefined behavior.
However, standard libraries provide modes that are not enabled by default that allow to detect when some of these requirements are violated.

### How

_No response_

### Estimates for realization

_No response_

### Category

- [ ] Affects Detailed Design

### Requirements / Architecture

- [x] Requirements / Architecture are not affected by this change?

Start by locating the repository's C++ test configuration and identifying how libstdc++'s hardened checking mode can be enabled for those tests. The work is complete when the C++ test suite runs with that mode enabled and the configuration is documented or reproducible for contributors.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.