Hot Reload with a specific code structure throws `System.BadImageFormatException: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.`

### Description

Using `dotnet watch` on a project and modifying the code of a class with a very specific structure fails as follows:
```
value: 3
value: 3
value: 3
dotnet watch ⌚ File changed: ./osu.Game/Overlays/Profile/Header/Components/Faulty.cs.
value: 3
dotnet watch 🔥 Hot reload of changes succeeded.
Unhandled exception. System.BadImageFormatException: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.
(0x8007000B)
at osu.Game.Overlays.Profile.Faulty.<>c.b__0_0(Model s)
at osu.Game.Overlays.Profile.Faulty.Method()
at Program.$(String[] args) in /Users/salman/Projects/osu/ExecutableProject/Program.cs:line 9
dotnet watch ❌ Exited with error code 134
dotnet watch ⏳ Waiting for a file to change before restarting dotnet...
```

### Reproduction Steps

I have tried to isolate this as much as I could, and this is the best I have gotten.

1. Check out this branch: https://github.com/ppy/osu/compare/master...frenzibyte:osu:breaking-hot-reload
2. Run `ExecutableProject` located at the root folder of the repository with `dotnet watch`
3. Modify line 15 of the file `osu.Game/Overlays/Profile/Header/Components/Faulty.cs`

### Expected behavior

The console output reflects the changes correctly.

### Actual behavior

```
Unhandled exception. System.BadImageFormatException: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.
(0x8007000B)
at osu.Game.Overlays.Profile.Faulty.<>c.b__0_0(Model s)
at osu.Game.Overlays.Profile.Faulty.Method()
at Program.$(String[] args) in /Users/salman/Projects/osu/ExecutableProject/Program.cs:line 9
```

### Regression?

_No response_

### Known Workarounds

_No response_

### Configuration

```
.NET SDK:
Version: 8.0.303
Commit: 29ab8e3268
Workload version: 8.0.300-manifests.7ccdde63
MSBuild version: 17.10.4+10fbfbf2e

Runtime Environment:
OS Name: Mac OS X
OS Version: 14.1
OS Platform: Darwin
RID: osx-arm64
Base Path: /usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk/8.0.303/

.NET workloads installed:
[ios]
Installation Source: SDK 8.0.300
Manifest Version: 17.2.8078/8.0.100
Manifest Path: /usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk-manifests/8.0.100/microsoft.net.sdk.ios/17.2.8078/WorkloadManifest.json
Install Type: FileBased

[android]
Installation Source: SDK 8.0.300
Manifest Version: 34.0.113/8.0.100
Manifest Path: /usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk-manifests/8.0.100/microsoft.net.sdk.android/34.0.113/WorkloadManifest.json
Install Type: FileBased

Host:
Version: 8.0.7
Architecture: arm64
Commit: 2aade6beb0

.NET SDKs installed:
6.0.417 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]
8.0.100 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]
8.0.302 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]
8.0.303 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]

.NET runtimes installed:
Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 6.0.25 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.0 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.6 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.7 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]
Microsoft.NETCore.App 6.0.25 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.0 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.6 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]
Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.7 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]

Other architectures found:
None

Environment variables:
Not set

global.json file:
/Users/salman/Projects/osu/global.json

Learn more:
https://aka.ms/dotnet/info

Download .NET:
https://aka.ms/dotnet/download
```

I'm not sure it's specific to that configuration.

### Other information

- Changing the namespace of the `osu.Game/Overlays/Profile/Header/Components/Faulty.cs` file may hide the issue, particularly any namespace that isn't part of the `osu.Game.Overlays.Profile` subtree
- This could be an indicator that there are other files in the `osu.Game.Overlays.Profile` namespace that are relevant to the cause of this bug.
- Removing or changing the parameter type of the `osu.Game.Overlays.Profile.Model.Death(bool?)` method
- Removing all files in the `osu.Game` project except for the `Faulty.cs` file also hides the issue.