Intermittent "Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)" on Windows 11 ARM

### Description

_Originally reported here: https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/86775#issuecomment-5133172256_

I have recently seen an error happening seemingly randomly on Windows 11 ARM GitHub Actions runners as part of the actions/setup-dotnet action ([example](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/actions/runs/30558437577/job/90925018034?pr=7573#step:3:18)):

```text
Current runner version: '2.336.0'
Runner Image Provisioner
Hosted Compute Agent
Version: 20260707.563
Commit: 02667638d2b423fbc733a8e32a88b44996a3ba6e
Build Date: 2026-07-07T19:33:50Z
Worker ID: {b6f9993e-1226-410e-abd5-7b6c5c143708}
Azure Region: westus2
Operating System
Microsoft Windows 11
10.0.26200
Enterprise
Runner Image
Image: windows-11-arm64
Version: 20260719.114.1
Included Software: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/blob/win11-arm64/20260719.114/images/windows/Windows11-Arm64-Readme.md
Image Release: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/releases/tag/win11-arm64%2F20260719.114

Run actions/setup-dotnet@a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68
"C:\Program Files\PowerShell\7\pwsh.exe" -NoLogo -Sta -NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted -Command & 'C:\a\_actions\actions\setup-dotnet\a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68\externals\install-dotnet.ps1' -SkipNonVersionedFiles -Runtime dotnet -Channel LTS
dotnet-install: .NET Core Runtime with version '10.0.10' is already installed.
"C:\Program Files\PowerShell\7\pwsh.exe" -NoLogo -Sta -NoProfile -NonInteractive -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted -Command & 'C:\a\_actions\actions\setup-dotnet\a98b56852c35b8e3190ac28c8c2271da59106c68\externals\install-dotnet.ps1' -SkipNonVersionedFiles -Channel 8.0
Fatal error.
Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)
Error: Failed to install dotnet, exit code: 3221225477. Fatal error.
Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)
```

A separate more detailed occurrence ([example](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/actions/runs/30616245237/job/91110047206#step:3:24)):

```text
Current runner version: '2.336.0'
Runner Image Provisioner
Hosted Compute Agent
Version: 20260707.563
Commit: 02667638d2b423fbc733a8e32a88b44996a3ba6e
Build Date: 2026-07-07T19:33:50Z
Worker ID: {86c09818-4216-413f-beed-e895ad04d8f9}
Azure Region: westus2
Operating System
Microsoft Windows 11
10.0.26200
Enterprise
Runner Image
Image: windows-11-arm64
Version: 20260727.122.1
Included Software: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/blob/win11-arm64/20260727.122/images/windows/Windows11-Arm64-Readme.md
Image Release: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/releases/tag/win11-arm64%2F20260727.122

Fatal error.
Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastHelpers.ChkCastAny_NoCacheLookup(Void*, System.Object)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastHelpers.ChkCast_Helper(Void*, System.Object)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.TaskbarJumpList.CreateElevatedEntry(System.String)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.TaskbarJumpList+<>c.b__0_0()
at System.Threading.Thread+StartHelper.Callback(System.Object)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(System.Threading.ExecutionContext, System.Threading.ContextCallback, System.Object)
Error: Failed to install dotnet, exit code: 3221225477. Fatal error.
Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastHelpers.ChkCastAny_NoCacheLookup(Void*, System.Object)
at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastHelpers.ChkCast_Helper(Void*, System.Object)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.TaskbarJumpList.CreateElevatedEntry(System.String)
at Microsoft.PowerShell.TaskbarJumpList+<>c.b__0_0()
at System.Threading.Thread+StartHelper.Callback(System.Object)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(System.Threading.ExecutionContext, System.Threading.ContextCallback, System.Object)
```

### Reproduction Steps

Run actions/setup-dotnet on a windows-11-arm GitHub Actions runner.

### Expected behavior

The action does not error.

### Actual behavior

The CLR fails with an internal error `Internal CLR error. (0x80131506)`.

### Regression?

_No response_

### Known Workarounds

Retry the job.

### Configuration

.NET 10.0.10 running on Microsoft Windows 11 10.0.26200 Enterprise on ARM.

### Other information

_No response_

Reproduce actions/setup-dotnet on a Windows 11 ARM GitHub Actions runner using the configuration and logs provided. Start with the PowerShell TaskbarJumpList.CreateElevatedEntry stack and the CLR cast failure, then determine why the runner intermittently reaches this path; done means the action completes without the internal CLR error.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.