Strange rendering in org mode

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- [X] I have read "[How to Debug Issues](https://doomemacs.org/d/how2debug)", and will use it to provide as much information about this issue as possible.

- [X] The issue can be reproduced on the **latest** available commit of Doom.

- [X] The issue can be reproduced on a stable release of Emacs, such as 27, 28, or 29. *(Unstable versions end in .50, .60, or .9x)*

### Expected behavior

I write a lot of org files that I export to Beamer/PDF.
I expect this workflow to work every time.

### Current behavior

Recently, I tried to improve the slides for a course I gave last year. When I opened the org file, I got a very weird coloring starting at some point, as if a section was not closed correctly.

You can find the org file here:
https://seafile.emse.fr/d/f689a4318aff4e12a72e/

And the rendering here:

I ran org-lint and got only minor warnings.

What's VERY strange to me is that whatever (sub)sections of the org original file I extract and yank/paste in another org file, then everything is OK...

I'm using latest DoomEmacs:
Org mode version 9.7 (9.7-??-e90a8a69a @ /home/user/.emacs.d/.local/straight/build-28.1/org/)
GNU Emacs 28.1 (build 1, x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version 3.24.33, cairo version 1.16.0) of 2022-05-31

I reported the problem to org-mode mailing list, and the problem does not seem to be on their part:
https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-orgmode/2023-10/msg00142.html

So the version of org-mode on straight might need to be upgraded in DoomEmacs.

### Steps to reproduce

1. Open Emacs
2. Open file org-file at https://seafile.emse.fr/d/f689a4318aff4e12a72e/
3. Go to lines 260-315

Bug seems to occur around line 274 where the outline is not highlighted correctly.

### System Information

https://pastebin.com/qXTaZxP6