Provide more details surrounding `adapter_response`

### Contributions

- [ ] I have read the contribution docs, and understand what's expected of me.

### Link to the page on docs.getdbt.com requiring updates

[Per slack thread](https://dbt-labs.slack.com/archives/C017GDLAF7D/p1680682398935539), we should possibly have a separate page explaining `adapter_response` in more detail.

Would love to work with someone in DX for technical accuracy

Similar to issue #3145

### What part(s) of the page would you like to see updated?

https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/artifacts/run-results-json#top-level-keys
https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/dbt-classes#result-objects
https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/dbt-jinja-functions/statement-blocks

### Additional information

_No response_