[Epic] Exception Recategorization

Broadly speaking, there are 3 major top-level exception types that dbt raises:
1. "warehouse exceptions": [DbtDatabaseError](https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-common/blob/main/dbt_common/exceptions/base.py#L235)
2. "user exceptions": parsing exceptions, compilation exceptions, etc (caused by user project configuration issues)
3. "internal exceptions": [DbtInternalError](https://github.com/dbt-labs/dbt-common/blob/main/dbt_common/exceptions/base.py#L34), or any unhandled, non-`DbtBaseException` exception

This epic organizes several sub-issues that recategorize existing thrown exceptions into more accurate buckets. For example, if an exception was previously marked as an internal exception, but is actually likely caused by user configuration, it should be a user exception instead.